Low density fluid displacement to store or generate power

ABSTRACT

The present application pertains to systems and methods for storing and generating power. In one embodiment the system pertains to a first storage reservoir near the surface of a body of water and configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water. A second storage reservoir is located below the surface of the body of water and configured to store a fluid which has a higher density than water. A pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected such that power is stored by displacing the fluid which has a higher density than water in the second storage reservoir by pumping the fluid which has a lower density than water in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir. Power is generated or discharged by allowing the fluid which has a lower density than water in the second storage reservoir to return to the first storage reservoir. The fluid which has a higher density than water may be in liquid form.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The instant application claims priority to provisional application No. 62/670,133 filed May 11, 2018 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The instant application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 16/932,429 filed Jul. 17, 2020 and issuing as U.S. Pat. No. 10,961,975 on Mar. 30, 2021. Application Ser. No. 16/932,429 is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 16/807,278 filed Mar. 3, 2020 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,737,677. Application Ser. No. 16/807,278 is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 16/776,078 filed Jan. 29, 2020 which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 16/409,790 filed May 11, 2019 which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,562,511 on Feb. 18, 2020. All of the aforementioned applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

Scaling, fouling, other ‘growths’, and corrosion can be damaging to water infrastructure and other liquid infrastructure. Scaling, fouling, other ‘growths’, and corrosion can reduce infrastructure lifespan, infrastructure structural integrity, the efficiency of boats and other water vehicles through increased drag and weight, clog pipes, and reduce the buoyancy of docks and buoys.

Prior art technologies for preventing scaling, fouling, and other ‘growths’ include anti-foulants and antiscalants. Anti-foulants and antiscalants have multiple significant disadvantages. They are generally bad for environment and may be toxic to aquatic ecosystems. They are generally only temporary and require re-application or replacement for continued effectiveness. They are generally expensive, including due to material cost, application cost, and their temporary nature.

In docks and other permanent or semi-permanent aquatic infrastructure, it is common to not employ anti-foulants and antiscalants. Generally, barnacles and/or other growths are periodically removed from the bottom of docks. Barnacles and other growths can add significant weight to docks and can damage or puncture dock pontoons. Removal is expensive, labor intensive, and only a temporary solution.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to systems and methods for pumping or removing a fluid from a region within or on top of or in contact with a water or liquid body and applications for said systems and methods.

Some embodiments may be applicable to, for example, inhibiting or preventing growth formation or fouling of structures in liquid environments. Said liquid environments may comprise aqueous and/or non-aqueous environments. Some embodiments described herein may inhibit or eliminate or prevent growth formation or fouling without the need for coatings, paint, manual cleaning/scrubbing, or other methods described in the art. Growth formations may include, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: marine growths, foulants, marine creatures, marine animals, inorganic scaling, organic scaling, barnacles, mussels, clams, oysters, worms, shrimp, crustaceans, biofilms, algae, bacteria, fungi, or ameba. Moving parts for said embodiments related to inhibiting or preventing growth formation or fouling or corrosion of structures in liquid environments, such as pumps and generators, if desired, may be located entirely above the surface of a water or liquid body.

Some embodiments may be applicable to, for example, increasing or decreasing the height of a floating structure, such as a dock. Some embodiments described herein may involve increasing the height of a floating structure above the surface of a liquid by pumping air into a concave region within or beneath said floating structure such that the air or other gas or other low-density fluid at least partially displaces a portion of water in said concave region. Similarly, the height of a floating structure above the surface of a liquid may be decreased by allowing gas to escape from or by pumping gas out of said concave region. Air or other gas may be transferred in or out of said concave region using one or more tubes. The concave region may be open to the water or other liquid. If advantageous, the pumping or release of gas may be conducted using moving parts entirely outside of the water or liquid body. By having moving parts outside of and not in contact with water or the liquid, the moving parts (e.g. air pump) may comprise lower cost equipment, may be less susceptible to fouling, and may have a longer lifespan.

Some embodiments may be applicable to, for example, an energy storage device. Some embodiments may involve a storage region beneath the surface of a water or liquid body and a storage region near the surface or above a water or liquid body. To ‘charge’ said energy storage device, low density fluid, such as a relatively lower density liquid or a gas, may be pumped into said storage region, displacing a higher density fluid, such as water. To discharge said energy storage device, said higher density fluid may be allowed to displace said lower density fluid, generating electricity due to the flow of the lower density fluid through an electric generator. Moving parts for said energy storage device, such as pumps and generators, if desired, may be located entirely above the surface of a water or liquid body.

Some embodiments may be applicable to, for example, a tidal power energy generation system, which generates energy from change in water level due to, for example, tides. Some embodiments may involve using the displacement of air or other fluid from a storage region due to a rise in water level due to tides to generate energy, such as electricity. Some embodiments may involve using the movement of air or other fluid into a storage region due to a decrease in water level due to tides to generate electricity. Moving parts for said tidal power system, such as pumps and generators, if desired, may be located entirely above the surface of a water or liquid body.

It is important to note that embodiments described herein may be combined and the systems and methods described herein may overlap or have multiple simultaneous applications.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: An example dock with a concave region ‘gas pocket’ (‘3’) on the bottom of each float or pontoon.

FIG. 2 (above): An example dock with a concave region ‘gas pocket’ (‘3’) on the bottom of each float or pontoon with air pump and tube interconnected.

FIG. 3: An example embodiment with extended ‘walls’, which may be employed to prevent air or gas losses in the event of, for example, waves, turbulent water, or a significant change in the angle of the dock.

FIG. 4: An example embodiment where changing the volume of gas in a gas pocket adjusts the height above the liquid surface and/or angle of a floating structure, such as a dock. FIG. 4 may show height increasing.

FIG. 5: An example embodiment where changing the volume of gas in a gas pocket adjusts the height above the liquid surface and/or angle of a floating structure, such as a dock. FIG. 5 may show height decreasing.

FIG. 6: An example simplified setup of an embodiment employing a lower density liquid and a higher density liquid.

FIG. 7: Step 1: FIG. 7 may show an energy storage embodiment undergoing charging.

FIG. 8: Step 2: FIG. 8 may show an energy storage embodiment at a relatively charged state.

FIG. 9: Step 3: FIG. 9 may show an energy storage embodiment discharging.

FIG. 10: Step 4: FIG. 10 may show an energy storage embodiment at a relatively discharged state.

FIG. 11: FIG. 11 may show an example embodiment where the LDL and/or HDL storage regions at a higher head height or above the surface are located on a platform or a floating platform.

FIG. 12: FIG. 12 may show an example embodiment where the LDL and/or HDL storage regions at a higher head height or above the surface are located on land.

FIG. 13: FIG. 13 may show an example embodiment where multiple subsurface storage regions are employed for energy storage and/or chemical storage.

FIG. 14: Step 1 (Higher Tide, Filling, And Electricity Generation): FIG. 14 may show an embodiment where electricity is being generated.

FIG. 15: Step 2 (High Tide, Cavity Full): FIG. 15 may show an embodiment where the storage region is nearly full with water.

FIG. 16: Step 3 (Lower Tide, Emptying, Generating Electricity): FIG. 16 may show an embodiment generating electricity when the surrounding water body water level is relatively low compared to the water level inside the storage region.

FIG. 17: Step 4 (Lower Tide, Empty): FIG. 17 may show an embodiment where the storage region is nearly empty with water.

FIG. 18: Step 4 Alternative (Lower Tide, Empty, depending on time of year and location): FIG. 18 may show an embodiment where the storage region is fully empty with water.

FIG. 19: Step 5 (Lower Tide, Pump remaining water out): FIG. 19 may show an embodiment where air is pumped into a storage region to remove or displace residual water.

FIG. 20: Step 1 (Higher Tide, Filling, Electricity Generation): FIG. 20 shows an example embodiment where water/air cavity or storage region contains a porous material.

FIG. 21: Step 2 (High Tide, Cavity Full): FIG. 21 shows an example embodiment where water/air cavity or storage region contains a porous material.

FIG. 22: Step 3 (Lower Tide, Emptying, Generating Electricity): FIG. 22 shows an example embodiment where water/air cavity or storage region contains a porous material.

FIG. 23: Step 4 (Lower Tide, Empty): FIG. 23 shows an example embodiment where water air cavity or storage region contains a porous material.

FIG. 24: Step 1 (Higher Tide, Filling, Generating Electricity): FIG. 24 shows an example embodiment where water/air cavity or storage region is located on or within a water body.

FIG. 25: Step 2 (Higher Tide, Full): FIG. 25 shows an example embodiment where water/air cavity or storage region is located on or within a water body.

FIG. 26: Step 3 (Lower Tide, Emptying): FIG. 26 shows an example embodiment where water/air cavity or storage region is located on or within a water body.

FIG. 27: Alternative Step 3 (Lower Tide, Emptying, Depending on Tide and Location): FIG. 27 shows an example embodiment where water/air cavity or storage region is located on or within a water body.

FIG. 28: Step 4 (Lower Tide, Empty): FIG. 28 shows an example embodiment where water/air cavity or storage region is located on or within a water body.

FIG. 29: FIG. 29 shows an example embodiment with a floating pump or generator station.

FIG. 30: FIG. 30 shows an energy storage system where the first storage reservoir is located on land and the pump and/or generator is located on land.

FIG. 31: FIG. 31 shows an energy storage system where the first storage reservoir is located on land and the pump and/or generator is located on land.

FIG. 32: FIG. 32 shows an energy storage system where the first storage reservoir is located near, at, or beneath the surface of a water body and/or the pump and/or generator is located near, at or beneath the surface of a water body.

FIG. 33: FIG. 33 shows an energy storage system where the first storage reservoir is located near, at, or beneath the surface of a water body and/or the pump and/or generator is located near, at or beneath the surface of a water body.

FIG. 34 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 35 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 36 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 37 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 38 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 39 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 40 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 41 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 42 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 43 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 44 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 45 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 46 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 47 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 48 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 49 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 50 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 51 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 52 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 53 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 54 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 55 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 56 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 57 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 58 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 59 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 60 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 61 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 62 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 63 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 64 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 65 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 66 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 67 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 68 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 69 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 70 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 71 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 72 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 73 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 74 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 75 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 76 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 77 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 78 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 79 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 80 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 81 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 82 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 83 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 84 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 85 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 86 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 87 is an embodiment of low density fluid displacement.

FIG. 88 A process for energy storage storing electricity by displacing a high density liquid with a low density liquid and employing cold and warm supplemental thermal storage.

FIG. 89 A process for energy storage generating electricity by displacing a low density liquid with a high density liquid and employing cold and warm supplemental thermal storage.

FIG. 90 A process for energy storage storing electricity by displacing a high density liquid with a low density liquid and employing cold and warm supplemental thermal storage and a cooling system.

FIG. 91 A process for energy storage generating electricity by displacing a low density liquid with a high density liquid and employing cold and warm supplemental thermal storage and a cooling system.

FIG. 92 A process for energy storage storing electricity by displacing a high density liquid with a low density liquid and employing thermal storage and a cooling system.

FIG. 93 A process for energy storage generating electricity by displacing a low density liquid with a high density liquid and employing thermal storage and a cooling system.

FIG. 94 A process for energy storage storing electricity by displacing a high density liquid with a low density liquid and employing thermal storage and a cooling system.

FIG. 95 A process for energy storage generating electricity by displacing a low density liquid with a high density liquid and employing thermal storage and a cooling system.

FIG. 96 A process for energy storage storing electricity by displacing a high density liquid with a low density liquid and employing thermal storage and a cooling system

FIG. 97 A process for energy storage generating electricity by displacing a low density liquid with a high density liquid and employing thermal storage and a cooling system.

FIG. 98 A process for energy storage generating electricity by displacing a low density liquid with a high density liquid and employing thermal storage and a cooling system.

FIG. 99 A process for energy storage storing electricity by displacing a high density liquid with a low density liquid and employing thermal storage and a cooling system

FIG. 100 A process for energy storage with the higher elevation reservoir located on land and the lower elevation reservoir located underwater.

FIG. 101 A process for energy storage with the higher elevation reservoir located on land and the lower elevation reservoir located underwater.

FIG. 102 A process for energy storage with the higher elevation reservoir located underwater near or on a seabed and the lower elevation reservoir located underwater near or on a seafloor.

FIG. 103 A process for energy storage with the higher elevation reservoir located underwater near or on a seabed and the lower elevation reservoir located underwater near or on a seafloor.

FIG. 104 A process for energy storage with the higher elevation reservoir located on the water as a semi-submersible or fully submersed or combination thereof vessel and the lower elevation reservoir located underwater near or on a seafloor.

FIG. 105 A process for energy storage with the higher elevation reservoir located on the water as a semi-submersible or fully submersed or combination thereof vessel and the lower elevation reservoir located underwater near or on a seafloor.

FIG. 106 A process for energy storage with the higher elevation reservoir comprising a floating vessel and the lower elevation reservoir located under water near or on the seafloor.

FIG. 107 A process for energy storage with the higher elevation reservoir comprising a floating vessel and the lower elevation reservoir located under water near or on the seafloor.

FIG. 108 A process for energy storage with a lower elevation reservoir underwater and/or above and/or on the seafloor.

FIG. 109 A process for energy storage with a lower elevation reservoir underwater and/or above and/or on the seafloor.

FIG. 110 A process for energy storage with a lower elevation reservoir underwater and/or above and/or on the seafloor.

FIG. 111 A process for energy storage with a lower elevation reservoir underwater and/or above and/or on the seafloor.

FIG. 112 A process for energy storage with a lower elevation reservoir underwater and/or underground beneath the seafloor or buried or a combination thereof.

FIG. 113 A process for energy storage with a lower elevation reservoir underwater and/or underground beneath the seafloor or buried or a combination thereof.

FIG. 114 A process for energy storage with a lower elevation reservoir underwater and/or underground beneath the seafloor or buried or a combination thereof.

FIG. 115 A process for energy storage with a lower elevation reservoir underwater and/or underground beneath the seafloor or buried or a combination thereof.

FIG. 116 A process for energy storage with a lower elevation reservoir underground.

FIG. 117 A process for energy storage with a lower elevation reservoir underground.

FIG. 118 A process for energy storage with a lower elevation reservoir underground.

FIG. 119 A process for energy storage with a lower elevation reservoir underground.

FIG. 120 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir.

FIG. 121 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir.

FIG. 122 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir.

FIG. 123 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir.’

FIG. 124 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir and wherein the higher elevation reservoir is a floating structure.

FIG. 125 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir and wherein the higher elevation reservoir is a floating structure.

FIG. 126 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir and wherein the higher elevation reservoir is a floating structure.

FIG. 127 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir and wherein the higher elevation reservoir is a floating structure.

FIG. 128 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir and employs thermal storage.

FIG. 129 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir and employs thermal storage.

FIG. 130 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir and employs thermal storage.

FIG. 131 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir and employs thermal storage.

FIG. 132 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir and employs thermal storage.

FIG. 133 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir and employs thermal storage.

FIG. 134 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir and employs thermal storage and a thermal management system.

FIG. 135 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir and employs thermal storage and a thermal management system.

FIG. 136 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir with example flow rates.

FIG. 137 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir with example flow rates.

FIG. 138 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir and employs cooling from cooling water or ocean water or deep ocean water.

FIG. 139 A process for energy storage which is configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir and employs cooling from cooling water or ocean water or deep ocean water.

FIG. 140A A process for energy storage with a pressure exchanger with thermal management, or cooling, or refrigeration.

FIG. 140B A process for energy storage with a pressure exchanger with thermal management, or cooling, or refrigeration.

FIG. 140C A process for energy storage with a pressure exchanger without thermal management, or cooling, or refrigeration.

FIG. 141A A process for energy storage with a pressure exchanger with thermal management, or cooling, or refrigeration.

FIG. 141B A process for energy storage with a pressure exchanger with thermal management, or cooling, or refrigeration.

FIG. 141C A process for energy storage with a pressure exchanger without thermal management, or cooling, or refrigeration.

FIG. 142A A process for energy storage with a pressure exchanger housed in one unit with thermal management, or cooling, or refrigeration.

FIG. 142B A process for energy storage with a pressure exchanger housed in one unit without thermal management, or cooling, or refrigeration.

FIG. 143A A process for energy storage with a pressure exchanger housed in one unit with thermal management, or cooling, or refrigeration.

FIG. 143B A process for energy storage with a pressure exchanger housed in one unit without thermal management, or cooling, or refrigeration.

FIG. 144 A process for energy storage employing a mechanism to remove or separate a portion of low density liquid present in the high density liquid.

FIG. 145 A process for energy storage with a countercurrent heat exchanger.

FIG. 146 A process for energy storage with a countercurrent heat exchanger.

FIG. 147 A process for energy storage with a countercurrent heat exchanger and additional supplemental cooling.

FIG. 148 A process for energy storage with a first, second and third reservoir, wherein the elevation of the first and third reservoirs are greater than the second reservoir and the elevation of the first reservoir is different from the elevation of the third reservoir.

FIG. 149 A process for energy storage with a first, second and third reservoir, wherein the elevation of the first and third reservoirs are greater than the second reservoir and the elevation of the first reservoir is different from the elevation of the third reservoir.

FIG. 150 A process for energy storage with a first, second and third reservoir, wherein the elevation of the first and third reservoirs are greater than the second reservoir and the elevation of the first reservoir is different from the elevation of the third reservoir.

FIG. 151 A process for energy storage with a first, second and third reservoir, wherein the elevation of the first and third reservoirs are greater than the second reservoir and the elevation of the first reservoir is different from the elevation of the third reservoir.

FIG. 152 A subsea or underwater or under a body of liquid tank comprising a rigid tank and a pressure equalizer.

FIG. 153 A subsea or underwater or under a body of liquid tank comprising a rigid tank and a pressure equalizer.

FIG. 154 A process for energy storage with a pressure exchanger.

FIG. 155 A process for energy storage with a pressure exchanger.

FIG. 156 A process for energy storage with a pressure exchanger.

FIG. 157 A process for energy storage with a pressure exchanger.

FIG. 158 A process for energy storage with a pump providing supplemental pressure.

FIG. 159 A process for energy storage with a pump providing supplemental pressure.

FIG. 160 A process for energy storage with a pressure exchanger.

FIG. 161 A process for energy storage with a pressure exchanger.

FIG. 162 A process for energy storage with a pressure exchanger and a second reservoir at a different elevation than a third reservoir.

FIG. 163 A process for energy storage with a pressure exchanger and a second reservoir at a different elevation than a third reservoir.

FIG. 164 A process for energy storage with a lower elevation reservoir comprising separate storage for a high density liquid than low density liquid and wherein at least a portion of displacement is provided by a pressure exchanger.

FIG. 165 A process for energy storage with a lower elevation reservoir comprising separate storage for a high density liquid than low density liquid and wherein at least a portion of displacement is provided by a pressure exchanger.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION First Description of Embodiments

An example embodiment may involve ‘walls’ connected to the bottom or sides of a liquid structure. A liquid structure may include, but is not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: floating structure, a dock, buoy, platform, float, boat, flat bottom boat, skiff, or surface structure. A liquid structure may also include structures which are anchored to land or at least partially supported by land, while also being in or near or in contact with water or immersed in water or in contact with water or in contact with another liquid.

In an example embodiment, the structure may be a dock (please note: a dock is provided as an example floating structure, the elements of the embodiment described herein may be applicable to other floating or non-floating structures described herein). Connected or as a component of the dock or as a feature of the shape of the bottom of the dock are ‘walls’ which may be connected to the side or bottom of the dock or near the perimeter of the bottom of the dock. Alternatively, the shape of the bottom of the dock may be tailored to have said ‘walls’, as in, for example, said ‘walls’ may be part of the shape of the dock rather than a connected separate material. Said ‘walls’ may protrude beyond the vertical water depth of most or all of the floating dock in contact with the water. The connection of the ‘walls’ to the structure may be ideally air or water tight. Said ‘walls’ may simply comprise a concave structure or protruding portions of a concave structure.

Said walls may result in the formation of concave region or cavity located, for example, near the bottom of a floating structure or comprise most of the bottom of a floating structure. In the present embodiment, a gas may occupy at least a portion of said concave region. Said gas may include, but is not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: air, nitrogen, water vapor, methane, hydrogen, flue gases, carbon dioxide, oxygen, inert gas, argon, helium, practically water insoluble gas, hydrocarbon, ozone, or a combination thereof. The gas may be at least temporarily or semi-permanently or practically permanently ‘trapped’ in said concave region. Said ‘trapped’ gas in said concave region may be referred to as a ‘gas pocket’ or an ‘air pocket’. Said gas remains in said concave region due to, for example, 1) greater density of water than the gas; and/or 2) the gas' practical inability to pass through the water/gas interface; and/or 3) the relative gas tightness or gas tight seal of the concave region.

An operating principle of the air pocket may be demonstrated by using a simple empty drink cup and a container filled with water. When an empty drink cup is flipped upside-down and submerged beneath the surface of the water in an upside-down position, air in said drink cup may be trapped inside said drink cup as water may be unable to replace said air because the air cannot escape upward through the drinking cup. Said trapped air may be an example of an air pocket and the region inside the cup where the air is trapped may be an example of a concave region or cavity. An example application where said air pocket effect has been employed in prior art may include ‘diving bells’.

Said gas pocket or air pocket may result in the formation of a separation or non-contiguous separation between the water and at least a portion of the surface of the concave region. Water may be separated from contact with at least a portion of the solid surface of the of the concave region due to the physical separation or barrier of the gas pocket between the water and said solid surface. A significant portion of the surface area of the solid surface of the concave region may be in contact with said gas pocket. A significant portion of the surface area of water displaced by the air pocket may be in contact with the air pocket at an air-water interface. Said concave region or surface area in contact with said gas pocket may comprise a significant portion of or nearly all the surface area of the bottom of, for example, the bottom of a surface structure. Said concave region or surface area in contact with said gas pocket may comprise a significant portion of or nearly all the surface area which may be exposed to or vulnerable to or would otherwise be in contact with water or other liquid. Said significant portion may comprise greater than 5%, or greater than 10%, or greater than 20%, or greater than 30%, or greater than 40%, or greater than 50%, or greater than 60%, or greater than 70%, or greater than 80%, or greater than 90%, or greater than 95% of the bottom of the surface of a structure in contact with a liquid or water body.

Fouling or scaling or growth formation may be inhibited by said separation or non-contiguous separation between the liquid and at least a portion of the surface of the concave region resulting from, for example, said gas pocket. Fouling or scaling or growth formation generally occurs in a water environment when water is in direct contact with a solid surface. Said air pocket enables a substantial surface area of water, which may otherwise be in contact with solid surface, to be in contact with a water-gas or water-air interface rather than with a solid surface. Said gas separation or air barrier prevents liquid-borne or water-borne foulants or scalants or growths to adhere the said solid surface. Said concave region may comprise at least a portion of the surface area of the bottom of a floating structure or structure in contact with liquid. Said concave region may comprise a substantial portion or most or almost all the surface area of the bottom of said floating structure or structure in contact with liquid, which may enable a substantial reduction in fouling or scaling or growth formation relative the same structure without a gas pocket or air pocket.

Foulants or scalants or growths generally adhere to surfaces from water through direct contact with a solid surface. Water-borne foulants or scalants or growths generally cannot pass through air or other gas to a solid surface. In an instance where water-borne foulants or scalants or growths are somehow capable of passing through air or other gas to a solid surface, it is important to note that mass transfer through said gas may be orders of magnitude less than if water was in direct contact with a solid surface. As a result, water-borne foulants or scalants or growths may have insufficient mass transfer to conduct substantially any or relatively equivalent fouling, scaling, or growth in a gas or air environment relative to an environment of direct solid surface contact with water.

-   -   Gas pockets or concave regions or both may increase or decrease         stability. Stability may be increased, for example due to         ‘suction’ effect or attraction created by a structure with         gas-solid interface on one side and solid-water interface on the         other side. Stability may be increased by, for example, reducing         the center of gravity of the dock by, for example, adding weight         to the ‘walls’ of a concave region. By adding weight to the         walls of a concave region or near the bottom of the structure,         the structure may be less likely to tilt sufficiently to lose         gas in a gas pocket, in the event of, for example, a weight         imbalance on the structure or a large wave. Gas pockets or         concave regions may decrease stability by potentially increasing         center of gravity. If a structure is in an environment with         significant waves or the potential for rough water, it may be         desirable, for example, to incorporate a gyroscopic stabilizer         or stabilizing anchors or stabilizing weights or stabilizing         earth connected structures to increase stability or minimize         tilting.     -   Gas pockets or concave regions or surface modifications which         enable gas pockets may be employed to prevent corrosion or         degradation. For example, a corrosion sensitive material or         device may be placed in a gas pocket when stored underwater. For         example, the propeller of a boat may be surrounded a gas pocket         when the propeller or boat is not in use, which may be enabled         by encasing or surrounding said propeller with a concave region.         For example, underwater hydraulic equipment or underwater         trim-tabs may be surrounded a gas pocket when, for example, not         in use.     -   A tube may be placed in the gas pocket or the concave region and         gas (for example, including, but not limited to, gases described         herein, such as air or nitrogen) may be pumped into the concave         regions using said tube and/or a gas pump (which may be         connected to said tube). One of the openings of the tube may be         placed inside said concave region or below said concave region.         The initial pumping of gas into said concave region may enable         the formation of a gas pocket in said concave region. After the         formation of a gas pocket, additional gas may be pumped into         said region to, for example, including, but not limited to, one         or more or a combination of the following: expand said gas         pocket, to replace gas which may have escaped from said gas         pocket, or enable an overflow or spillover of excess gas from         said gas pocket and concave region.

Said concave region or gas pocket may be infiltrated with water on, for example, an occasion of a large wave or when a structure is tilted at a significant angle. It may be advantageous for said water contact to be temporary or of as short duration as possible to minimize potential scaling or fouling or corrosion resulting from, for example, water contact. One means of potentially minimizing frequency of water contact may comprise pumping air or other gas into said concave region or cavity using, for example, a tube or pressurized air tank. Said air or other gas may be pumped continuously into said concave region or may be pumped into said concave region only on certain occasions. For example, said certain occasions may comprise when the gas pocket or air pocket is at risk of losing air or at risk of water infiltration into the concave region. For example, said certain occasions may comprise when a structure tilts beyond a specified angle, which may be triggered or measured, for example, using devices for measuring angle change or movement known in the art. For example, said certain occasions may comprise when a portion of the solid surface of said concave region is wetted or at least partially wetted or in contact with water, which may be triggered or measured, for example, using a water or wetting sensor or similar devices known in the art.

It may be desirable for the ‘walls’ to be durable and capable of handling the weight of the dock or multiple docks and resistant to the abuse from other objects or elements. For example, said wall may comprise an a ‘skirt’, for example, wherein the material may be structurally bendable, however can store an air pocket. Said ‘skirt’ may be similar to the ‘skirt’ employed in hovercrafts, although, unlike hovercrafts, the skirt may remain in part or in whole beneath the surface of the water.

An example durable wall comprises a tube connected to the bottom of the dock and attached, for example, near the outside perimeter of the dock bottom and may be surrounding the outside perimeter of the dock. To prevent damage to the ‘walls’, the tube may be collapsible when the dock is being moved. The tube may be inflated or may become more rigid using, for example, including, but not limited to, pneumatic or hydraulic pressure means, such as pneumatic or hydraulic pressure or filling with a pneumatic or hydraulic fluid. Said tube may be connected to the dock in a fashion which prevents air or water from passing through the connection between the dock and the tube ‘walls’.

The present invention and/or elements of the present invention, which may include, but are not limited to, ‘Wall’, gas pocket, concave region, tube, gas pump or air pump, and/or other elements of the embodiments described herein, may be retrofitted onto pre-existing structures or may be an element of new structures.

The present invention may also be applicable to preventing or minimizing foulants or scalants or growths in non-aqueous liquid environments.

Portions of a floating structure may be in contact with water or liquid, for example, which may include solid surfaces outside a concave region or gas pocket. Said solid surfaces in contact with water or liquid may be susceptible to growths, fouling or scaling. It is important to note that a large portion of the solid surface area beneath the surface of the water or liquid may be in contact with a gas pocket, and, as a result, may be unsusceptible or less prone to the formation of growths, fouling or scaling. This may have an effect of significantly reducing or eliminating the formation of growths, fouling or scaling on most of the subsurface surface area of a solid structure. Surfaces in contact with water or liquid may have the formation of growths, fouling or scaling, however it may be important to note 1) side-walls are generally easier to clean/scrub than the bottom/underbody/underbelly of a floating structure; 2) the total amount of the formation of growths, fouling or scaling may be significantly less than if the present invention was not employed; 3) an air curtain may be created which minimizes growth formation on regions not protected by an air pocket by pumping excess air into said concave region and facilitating the formation of small air bubbles, which may rise along the sides of the structure.

Water may refer to a body of liquid. Said body of liquid may include, but is not limited to, a body of liquid containing at least a portion of water including salt water. Said body of liquid may include, but is not limited to, marine environments, aquatic environments, rivers, lakes, brine pools, frac water, waste water, oil storage, chemical storage, or other liquids environments.

A gas pocket may be trapped or stationary in low turbulence or minimal turbulence or non-turbulent conditions. Non-turbulent conditions may include an environment where the water is calm and non-moving to the naked eye and the structure in said water is also non-moving to the naked eye. Low turbulence or minimal turbulence conditions may include an environment where the water is calm and moving to the naked eye and/or the structure in said water is calm and moving to the naked eye. In a low turbulence environment, although there is discernable movement, the movement of the water or structure is insufficient for more than 10%, or more than 20%, or more than 25%, or more than 30%, or more than 40%, or more than 50% of the gas in the gas pocket to escape from beneath the structure in a 30 second period. It is important to note, said gas escape may not include intentional removal of gas from said gas pocket or the escape of gas through a tube interconnected to said gas pocket.

-   -   Some embodiments may be employed to encourage growth formation,         such as certain forms of growth. For example, embodiments         described herein, such as gas pockets, may be formed in a         certain region to kill an invasive species of algae or the eggs         of an invasive fish, other potentially harmful water borne life         form. For example, a gas pocket may enable localized         oxygenation. For example, a gas pocket may enable localized         de-oxygenation. For example, a gas pocket may enable localized         cooling, which may comprise evaporative cooling, which may         increase the longevity of or improve the health of, for example,         coral. For example, a gas pocket may enable localized pH         adjustment, such as pH increase by CO₂ removal or CO₂ gas         stripping.

Example Embodiment Equipment and Description:

-   -   Example cost estimates for a dock module:     -   Large Dock Module Dimensions: 8 meters long×5 meters wide X ¾         meter tall.     -   Contains concave region on bottom of dock which is about 5         meters long, 3 meters wide, and 0.07 meter deep (1.05 cubic         meters total volume of concave region).     -   The below cost estimates assume the dock either was built with a         concave region or retrofitted with a concave region     -   Example Equipment for Embodiment with Grid Electricity Source on         Dock (Material CAPEX):         -   Air pump—for example: 0.38 PSI, 200 Liters per minute, 35             watts, $12         -   ½ inch inside diameter vinyl tubing, 50 ft: $30         -   Low power timer breakout: $13         -   Triple-Axis Gyro Breakout Board (which may also trigger             on/off switch when angle of dock changes): $12.50         -   Total CAPEX: $67.50     -   Example Embodiment with Grid Electricity Source on Dock (Annual         OPEX with On-Off Timer):         -   Assumes Pump Operates on a Timer of 2.5 minutes every 30             minutes or 5 minutes per 1 hour         -   Pump annual electricity consumption: 25.55 kWh         -   Annual electricity cost at $0.10 per kWh: $2.55     -   Example Embodiment with Solar Panel with Battery Setups for         Electricity Source on Dock (CAPEX):         -   Air pump—for example: 0.38 PSI, 200 Liters per minute, 35             watts, $12         -   ½ inch inside diameter vinyl tubing, 50 ft: $30         -   Low power timer breakout: $13         -   Triple-Axis Gyro Breakout Board (which may also trigger             on/off switch when angle of dock changes): $12.50         -   Total CAPEX: $67.50 (if solar panel and battery are expensed             as CAPEX, $108.13 total)     -   Example Embodiment with Solar Panel with Battery Setups for         Electricity Source on Dock (Annual OPEX with On-Off Timer):         -   Assumes Pump Operates on a Timer of 2.5 minutes every 30             minutes or 5 minutes per 1 hour         -   Pump annual electricity consumption: 25.55 kWh         -   Solar panel (determined based on 10% capacity factor, one             100 W solar panel for three dock modules): $28.63 per dock             module         -   264 Wh Battery for 3 dock modules (1.17 days of storage):             $25 per dock module         -   OPEX of Electricity: $0         -   Battery Lifespan: 5-10 years         -   Cost of Battery per Year (assuming 5-year lifespan): $5         -   Solar Panel Lifespan: 25 years         -   Cost of Solar Panel per Year (assuming 25-year lifespan):             $1.15         -   Total Annual OPEX: $6.15

Example Minimum Viable Prototype Materials:

-   -   1-3 Watt DC Aquarium Air Pump     -   Timer breakout on-off switch which, for example, automatically         turns on the air pump for 20 seconds every 10 minutes         -   Examples:             -   Adafruit TPL5110 Low Power Timer Breakout             -   Mini Timer Time Delay Relay 0.1 See to 400 days.     -   Small re-chargeable battery bank, such as 10 Wh battery bank for         smartphone charging     -   Tube to connect air pump and bottom of plastic bin     -   Plastic bin with subtle perimeter lip which creates rectangular         concave region on the plastic container bottom. Alternatively,         an upside-down plastic bin may be employed to simulate the         concave region.     -   Plastic bin to store electronic devices outside the water

EXAMPLE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

System for fouling and scaling prevention on water structures comprising:

-   -   A structure containing a concave region     -   Wherein said concave region contains a gas pocket     -   Wherein said gas pocket results in a non-contiguous separation         between a water and at least a portion of the surface of said         concave region

System for fouling and scaling prevention on water structures comprising:

-   -   A structure containing a cavity     -   Wherein said cavity contains a gas pocket     -   Wherein said gas pocket results in a non-contiguous separation         between liquid and at least a portion of said cavity

EXAMPLE EXEMPLARY SUB-EMBODIMENTS

-   -   Wherein said non-contiguous separation inhibits the formation of         scalants, foulants, and growths on the solid surfaces in contact         with said region occupied by said gas pocket     -   Wherein a tube with an opening located beneath or inside said         concave region is interconnected to a pressurized gas source     -   Wherein said pressurized gas source may include an air pump, a         gas pump, a pressurized gas line, or a combination thereof     -   Wherein said tube is connected to a valve which allows control         over gas entering or exiting said gas pocket through said tube     -   Wherein at least a portion of the solid surface area in contact         with said gas pocket is separated or not in direct contact with         water for greater than 30%, or greater than 40%, or greater than         50%, or greater than 60%, or greater than 70%, or greater than         80%, or greater than 90%, or greater than 95% of the time said         structure is in said water     -   Wherein said water comprises a body of liquid     -   Wherein said gas pocket displaces liquid     -   Wherein said gas pocket is trapped or stationary in low         turbulence or minimal turbulence or non-turbulent conditions     -   Wherein gas may be pumped into said gas pocket continuously or         semi-continuously or on occasion where gas needs to be         replenished     -   Wherein gas is pumped into said gas pocket in excess of the         volumetric capacity of said cavity or concave region, resulting         in spillover bubbles     -   Wherein said spillover bubbles reduce fouling on solid surface         area not in direct contact with said gas pocket     -   Wherein said spillover bubbles are methodically dispersed along         said solid surface area not in direct contact with said gas         pocket using shape modifications to sections of the structure     -   Wherein said shape modifications may include perforations,         dimples, microscopic modifications, surface morphology, or         macroscopic modifications     -   Wherein the height of said structure over the surface of the         water can be adjusted by increasing or decreasing the volume of         gas in said concave region or cavity     -   Wherein said concave region or cavity is retrofitted onto a         pre-existing structure     -   Wherein said concave region or cavity is an aspect of the shape         of a pre-existing structure     -   Wherein said concave region or cavity is an aspect of the shape         of a new structure     -   Wherein the shape or size or strength or rigidity of said         concave region or cavity may be adjustable     -   Wherein said adjustability may include controlled forming or         collapsing of said concave region or the ‘walls’ of said concave         region     -   Wherein said adjustability may include controlled forming or         collapsing of said concave region or the ‘walls’ of said concave         region using pneumatic or hydraulic means     -   Wherein said adjustability may include controlled volume or         depth or surface area of said concave region     -   Wherein the volume, or shape, or surface area, or depth of said         gas pocket are adjustable     -   Wherein said gas pocket adjustability involves one or more or a         combination of the following: the ability to add or remove gas         from said gas pocket, the ability to change the shape or contour         of said gas pocket or concave region, the ability to adjust the         shape or size of the ‘walls’ of the concave region     -   Wherein said gas pocket contains a non-water liquid in addition         to or instead of a gas     -   Wherein the surface of said gas pocket is hydrophobic or         contains a hydrophobic coating     -   Wherein said gas pocket or concave region or cavity may function         as a diving bell or temporary shelter or storage region     -   Wherein said tube is connected to a check valve which allows gas         (such as air) to enter said tube and/or said concave region,         although does not allow air to be released from said region

Prior-Art—Incorporated Herein by Reference

-   -   Physically Removal of the Barnacles:         https://www.scubadubacorp.com/Dockcleaning.htm     -   Air bubble curtain—air bubbles are sparged over hull:         https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/20464177.2009. Ser.         No. 11/020,214     -   https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sandra_Shumway/publication/44684741_The_use_of_aeration_as_a_simple_and_environmentally_sound_means_to_prevent_biofouling/links/0c96051ffe80269766000000.pdf     -   https://patents.google.com/patent/US20050087117A1/en

FIGURE KEY

-   -   ‘1’ or ‘(1)’: Top section of a floating platform or dock     -   ‘2’ or ‘(2)’: Floats or pontoons, bottom section of a floating         platform or dock     -   ‘3’ or ‘(3)’: Gas or air pocket, which may be in the concave         region on the underside or bottom of ‘2’     -   ‘4’ or ‘(4)’: Liquid body, such as a body of water or oil     -   ‘5’ or ‘(5)’: Extended walls, which may extend beyond the         vertical depth of the air pocket     -   ‘6’ or ‘(6)’: Air or gas bubble curtain up the side walls of ‘2’         in contact with water. ‘6’ may result from gas being pumped into         a concave region, and the gas pocket exceeding the volume of the         concave region's gas capacity. The bubble curtain may be         facilitated by perforations or dimples in the side walls. A         bubble curtain may reduce growth formation on surfaces not in         contact with the gas pocket.     -   ‘7’ or ‘(7)’: Air or gas pump connected to tubing (lines with         arrows). Tubing may interconnect said gas or air pumped by said         pump with the concave region.

FIG. 1: An example dock with a concave region ‘gas pocket’ (‘3’) on the bottom of each float or pontoon. The gas pocket may enable a large portion of the surface area on the bottom of the dock, or the surface area of the dock in contact with the air pocket, to have minimal or no levels of foulants, scalants, or growths.

FIG. 2: An example dock with a concave region ‘gas pocket’ (‘3’) on the bottom of each float or pontoon. A tube may be placed beneath or connected to bottom of dock. Air or other gas may be pumped into the tube, which directs gas into the gas pocket. If the volume of gas exceeds the volume of the concave region or cavity, bubbles may travel up side of dock, which may, if desired, form a bubble curtain along the side of the dock (‘6’). Said bubbled curtain may be facilitated, for example, by placing dimples or perforations in the ‘walls’ of concave region. Dimples or perforations may be located near the bottom of the vertical depth of said ‘walls’ of the concave region. Said bubble curtain may be desirable to minimize fouling, scaling, and growths outside of the gas pocket. If a continuous bubble curtain is desirable, a continuous flow of pumped air may be required.

FIG. 3: An example embodiment with extended ‘walls’, which may be employed to prevent air or gas losses in the event of, for example, waves, turbulent water, or a significant change in the angle of the dock. Extended walls may extend to a depth beyond the depth of the air pocket. Extended walls may be weighted, if desired, to reduce center of gravity. It may be desirable to prevent the air pocket from extending to the full depth of the extended walls (for example: to ensure the dock is stable), in which case it may be desirable to include small perforations in certain parts of the extended walls. Air or other gas may need to be pumped into the air pocket less frequently or on fewer occasions in embodiments with extended walls.

FIG. 4: An example embodiment where changing the volume of gas in a gas pocket adjusts the height above the liquid surface and/or angle of a floating structure, such as a dock. FIG. 4 may show the height of a dock above the surface of water being increased by pumping air into two concave regions, increasing the volume of an air pocket and displacing water from the concave regions. The present embodiment may be advantageous for increasing or decreasing the height or reducing the draft of a dock. Advantageously, relatively little energy may be required to increase the height of the dock due to, for example, the potentially low air pressure in the concave region due to, for example, the relatively small head height. Advantageously, no moving parts are required to be in contact with the liquid.

FIG. 5: An example embodiment where changing the volume of gas in a gas pocket adjusts the height above the liquid surface and/or angle of a floating structure, such as a dock. FIG. 5 may show the height of a dock above the surface of water being decreased by releasing air from concave regions, increasing the volume of an air pocket and displacing water from the concave regions. The present embodiment may be advantageous for increasing or decreasing the height or reducing the draft of a dock.

Second Description of Embodiments

Example Energy Storage Embodiments Overview: Introduced are systems, and methods for energy storage and/or simultaneous oil or chemical storage. In some embodiments, energy is stored via a hydrostatic pressure difference between one or more insoluble or low solubility fluids, which may be driven by a density difference between the one or more fluids. The technology may employ the depth of water bodies to, for example, enable this hydrostatic pressure. An embodiment may comprise, for example, a relatively high density liquid, and a relatively low density liquid or fluid, which may have a lower density than the relatively high density liquid. The end-to-end technology may be a closed system or may be at least closed beneath the surface of the water body. In some embodiments, all or almost all moving parts above the surface of the water body, such as ocean or lake, or, advantageously, not have moving parts, or not have essential moving parts or not have relatively costly moving parts, under water or deep under water, or no moving parts at a depth greater than 250 ft under water, or no moving parts at a depth greater than 1000 ft under water. It may be beneficial for the system to be a closed system, wherein the internal fluids, for example high density and low density liquids, are in direct contact with each other. The internal fluids may be separate from or substantially not in contact with the surrounding water body. The water in the water body may simply be employed to ensure pressure, for example liquid pressure, is in equilibrium between the inside fluids and surrounding or external water body. An equilibrium in pressure between the outside and inside of the vessel may enable, for example, the use of lower cost materials, as, for example, at least a portion of the materials may not require resistance to pressure differences or substantial differences. Energy may be stored in the hydrostatic pressure difference between the media (for example: liquids) inside the vessel, for example, wherein one or more media have a higher hydrostatic pressure than another one or more media. Difference in hydrostatic pressure may be driven by the difference in hydrostatic pressure of liquids of difference densities at the same hydraulic head height. An embodiment may comprise media comprising two or more immiscible or low solubility liquids with different densities. The difference in density between two or more liquids at the same or similar height may drive the hydrostatic pressure difference. Advantageously, the process may operate with greater than 70% or 80% round-trip efficiency due to the incompressibility of liquids and high efficiency of hydroelectric generators.

Embodiments may employ liquids, solids, gases, supercritical fluids or other media phases. One or more phases may be advantageously employed, for example, because said integrated system may be a closed system. For example, in a closed system, contamination with the surrounding water body may not be a challenge, unless, for example, there is a leak.

In one embodiment, liquid storage of a higher density liquid (such as water) and liquid storage of a lower density liquid (such butane) are placed at a relatively higher head height than a separate liquid-liquid interface vessel or vessels. Said relatively higher head height may be including, but not limited to, one or more of a combination thereof: located lesser depth in the surface of a water body, at the surface of a water body, above the surface of a water body, floating on the surface of a water body, located on land adjacent to a water body, or located on another water body, or located on land. It may be desirable for the higher density liquid to have the same or similar density as the surrounding water body at the same depth. For example, if the pipe or container containing the high density and low density liquids are in ocean, the higher density liquid may comprise a liquid of the same or similar or relatively close density as the surrounding water body or other surrounding media. Alternatively, the higher density liquid may significantly differ in density from the surrounding water body or other surrounding media, as in such an embodiment, pressure difference resistant materials may be required. Separate liquid-liquid interface storage vessel or vessels may be located at a lower head height than the liquid storage. Said liquid-liquid interface storage vessel or vessels may be connected to the higher head height liquid storage vessel or vessels using one or more tubes. Tubes may be employed to transport the lower density liquid or the higher density liquid or a combination thereof. One or more tubes may be connected to one or more valves or pumps or sealed connecting joints. For example, the lower density liquid may be connected to liquid tube or tubes, which may be connected to one or more pumps or generators or connected to low density liquid storage or a combination thereof. For example, the higher density liquid may be connected to liquid tube or tubes, which may be connected to one or more pumps or generators or connected to higher density liquid storage or a combination thereof.

Storing energy may involve, for example, pumping the lower density liquid into a tube or tubes, displacing at least a portion of the higher density liquid out of the tube or tubes and underwater vessel or vessels into the higher density liquid storage or, alternatively, displacing the higher density liquid into the surrounding water body. Energy may be stored energy due to the difference in hydrostatic pressure between the low-density liquid and high density liquid at the same hydraulic head height—for example, as the low density is pumped into the tubing or storage vessel, it is overcoming the hydrostatic pressure of the higher density liquid, developing a hydraulic head. When the storage device stops charging, a valve may be employed to prevent the one or more liquids from undesirably reversing flow direction.

A check valve may be employed during pumping operation to prevent the low-density liquid from reversing pumping direction. Energy storage time-period may indefinite if there are no leaks. During discharge, one or more valves may open, enabling the pressurized low-density liquid to be at least partially displaced and enable said low density liquid to power a generator. Valves, pumps, generators, and other moving parts may be located at the surface or just below the surface, or on land, or a combination thereof as this may reduce capital, operational, and/or maintenance costs.

In another embodiment, the process may be an open system, wherein the higher density fluid is comprises the fluid in one or more liquid or water bodies, such as, for example, water or salt water or oil or relatively inexpensive liquid. For charging, the low density liquid may be pumped into one or more vessels, displacing the higher density water or liquid in the vessel. The process may contaminate the water in the bay, although this may be minimized by, including, but not limited to, minimizing mixing, preventing the contaminant liquid level, for example the low density liquid level, from approaching or surpassing the edge of the vessel, using a low solubility or insoluble combination of liquids or media, using a non-hazardous or inexpensive low density liquid, or a combination thereof. In the present embodiment, a high density liquid storage vessel may be unnecessary, potentially reducing capital cost and complexity. A version of the present embodiment may comprise an upside down barrel with a tube opening on the inside of the closed, upward facing side of the barrel and a port open to the surrounding liquid body (for example, water body or ocean or lake) on the bottom facing side of the barrel. A version of the present embodiment may comprise an upside down barrel with a tube connected to a liquid tight port connected to upward facing side of the barrel and a port open to the surrounding liquid body (for example, water body or ocean or lake) on the bottom facing side of the barrel. A version of the present embodiment may not contain any liquid tight ports—a tube may be fed into the open side of the up-side-down vessel or barrel and attached to the bottom (inside of top of barrel because up-side-down) of the inside of the vessel or barrel. Advantages of said alternative embodiment include, but are not limited to, a simplified construction, higher pressure resistance, lower opportunity for leak or contamination, and low cost. One or more vessels or barrels may be further connected to a weight or anchor and the upper region of the barrel may be connected to floatation to maintain the one or more vessels or barrels in the desired position (for example, the upside-down position). One or more tubes may be further connected to a pump or generator, which may be further, connected to one or more low density fluid storage vessels. Said one or more lower density liquids (or other fluid, such as a gas) storage vessels may be located at a higher head height, for example, near the surface, at the surface, or above the surface of the water body. During charging, the lower density liquid (or other fluid, such as a gas) may be pumped into the vessel, displacing the higher density liquid. During discharging, low density liquid may be pumped into the vessel, displacing the higher density liquid.

Pressure of Low Density Liquid:

The pressure of the low density liquid when the liquid is forced to displace higher density liquid, as is the case when energy is stored, may be at a higher pressure than the surrounding water body, wherein the pressure difference between the low density liquid and the surrounding water body increases with decreasing depth. At the interface between the lower and higher density liquids, the pressure of the two liquids may be equal or close to equal. As the depth of the lower density liquid decreases (or the higher the low density liquid is above the liquid-liquid interface), the greater the lower density liquid deviates in pressure from the higher density liquid or the greater the net pressure of the low density liquid. As a result, the tube or other vessel transporting the lower density liquid across depths or head heights may require pressure resistance, the pressure resistance requirement may increase with decreasing depth (or greater hydraulic height from the liquid-liquid interface or deepest point). The point of the pump or generation may comprise the highest pressure in the embodiment. One way of describing this phenomenon is:

-   -   If an open tube is placed vertically in a water body, the water         inside the tube, although separated, is predominately at the         same pressure as the surrounding water body at any given depth         because the water pressure applied by the water inside the tube         above a given point in the tube is the same as the water         surrounding the tube. Similarly, when a liquid of different         density, such as a lower or higher density, is placed in a         closed bottom vessel in open air, the pressure of the liquid at         any given point may be equivalent to the liquid pressure applied         by the liquid above a point in the liquid. At the same height or         depth, a liquid of lower density may have a significantly lower         gravitationally derived pressure than a liquid of higher         density. When a lower density liquid is displacing a higher         density liquid (for example, due to the application of an         outside force) in a location experiencing gravity, the net         pressure or pressure difference experienced by the lower density         liquid at any given height above the liquid-liquid interface or         deepest point of the low density liquid is:

P _(Net) =P _(HD) −P _(LD)

-   -   Wherein:         -   ‘P_(Net)’ may be the Net Pressure of Lower Density Liquid at             a Given Height above the Lowest Depth of the Lower Density             Liquid or Liquid-Liquid Interface         -   ‘P_(HD)’ may be the Gravitational Pressure Head of Higher             Density Liquid at the Height Above Lowest Depth of Low             Density Liquid or Liquid-Liquid Interface         -   ‘P_(LD)’ may be the Gravitational Pressure Head of Lower             Density Liquid at Height Above Lowest Depth of Low Density             Liquid or Liquid-Liquid Interface

FIG. 6: FIG. 6 shows a simplified setup of an embodiment employing a lower density liquid and a higher density liquid. The two boxes with black text are the higher head height liquid storage vessels. The higher head height liquid storage region is connected via tubes or pipes to one or more separate storage vessels. In FIG. 6, the tubes are connected to a single storage vessel at a head height below the surface of the liquid body (such as a water body) and located at a head height below the higher head height liquid storage vessels, which may be referred to as the lower head height storage vessel. The higher density liquid tube or pipe is connected to one or more ports at the bottom of the lower head height storage vessel. The lower density liquid tube or pipe is connected to one or more ports at the top of the lower head height storage vessel. It is important to note the location of placement of ports on the lower head height storage vessel may not be of importance, and ports may be placed, in, including, but not limited to: next to each other, across from each other vertically, across from each other horizontally, placed randomly, or in another configuration or in a combination thereof. It may be important for the ports to be liquid tight. An exception may be, for example, if the heavy liquid port is open to the surrounding water bay, potentially eliminating the need for a liquid tight port for the higher density liquid and potentially eliminating the need for a high density liquid pipe or storage vessel. The region inside the lower head height vessel where the higher density liquid and lower density liquid meet may be referred to as the fluid-fluid or liquid-liquid interface. The liquids may be contacted directly, in which case it may be desirable for the liquids to be immiscible. The liquids may also be spaced or separated or constitute non-contiguous liquids by a separator or drum, including, but not limited to, a drum or floating drum. If a floating drum is employed to separate the higher density liquid from the lower density liquid, it may be desirable for the floating drum to be of lower density than the higher density liquid and higher density than the lower density liquid. A liquid-liquid separator or drum may be employed, for example, to reduce liquid-liquid mixing (especially important for soluble liquids) or, in the case where open water is the high density liquid higher density liquid, reduce environmental contamination. Energy is storage by pumping the lower density liquid into the lower density liquid tube or pipe, which may displace the higher density liquid from the lower head height storage vessel. Stored energy may be released by enabling the displaced water to enter the lower head height vessel, which may displace the lower head height liquid and generate electricity. In the configuration shown in FIG. 1, the pump/generator is shown connected to the lower density liquid pipe or tube, which may enable higher pumping efficiency. Pump may be above the water surface, enabling no moving parts to be under water. The lower density liquid may be under pressure during charging and discharging.

A pump/generator may be connected to the higher density liquid. One potential challenge of pumping the higher density liquid directly is charging may require the formation of a partial vacuum, which may be less efficient and, even in the case of a pure vacuum, may not be enough driving force to remove sufficient higher density liquid from the lower head height vessel. It may be desirable for the pump or generator to be beneath the water line, for example, if the pump or generator is directly in contact or pumping the higher density liquid.

Liquid storage regions may comprise tanks or reservoirs storing the lower density liquid or higher density liquid. Substantially immiscible or insoluble may mean a liquid which is less than 50 weight percent (wt %), or less than 40 wt %, or less than 30 wt %, or less than 20 w % soluble in the other liquid.

It may be advantageous for the higher density liquid storage region to be beneath the water line or at the same or similar or lower depth than the liquid-liquid interface or lowest point of the lower density liquid. This may be advantageous, for example, if the higher density liquid has the same density as the liquid body, such as water body, surrounding the energy storage device. The higher density liquid storage region may comprise, for example, a bladder-like storage device in pressure equilibrium with the surrounding liquid body, such as water body. The higher density liquid storage region may comprise, for example, a storage device with a floating or movable roof in pressure equilibrium with the surrounding liquid body, such as water body.

The lower head height vessel may be pressure difference resistant. The pressure resistance required by the lower head height vessel may increase with vertical distance from the liquid-liquid interface or lowest point of the lower density liquid. It may be advantageous to minimize the vertical height of the vessel, minimizing the pressure difference experienced by the lower head height vessel compared. This may transition more or most of the lower density liquid pressure difference to the pipe/tube. It may be advantageous to progressively increase the reinforcement of the lower head height vessel with increasing vertical distance from the liquid-liquid interface or the lowest point of the lower density liquid. For example, the structure of progressively increasing the reinforcement of the lower head height vessel may be similar to water towers, wherein the vessel is progressively more pressurize resistant and reinforced with higher hydrostatic pressure.

The higher density liquid storage and lower density liquid storage may be, for example, located beneath the surface, floating on the surface, or on land. In some embodiments, the higher density liquid storage may comprise the surrounding water body. In some embodiments, the higher density liquid storage may be in a different location than the lower density liquid storage. For example, the higher density liquid storage may be a bladder like expandable and contractible volume storage region beneath the water body surface, while the lower density liquid storage region may be located on land.

The energy storage device may undergo charging or discharging at any point in storage capacity. For example, if the device is at least a portion charged, it may be discharged. For example, if the device is at least a portion discharged, it may be charged. For example, if the device is fully charged, it may not have the capacity to further charge. For example, if the device is fully discharged, it may not have the capacity to further discharge.

Example Step by Step Description:

FIG. 7: Step 1: FIG. 7 may show an energy storage device undergoing charging. A liquid pump may pressurize and pump the Lower Density Liquid (LDL) into a pipe connected to the lower head height storage region, which may allow the LDL to displace the higher density liquid (HDL) in the lower head height storage. As HDL is displaced by the LDL, gravitation potential energy may be stored. In FIG. 7, HDL may be shown being transferred it to an HDL storage region above the lower head height storage region. The HDL storage region, for example, if it comprises a fluid in equilibrium with the hydrostatic pressure of the surrounding liquid or of the same density as the surround liquid, may be located elsewhere, for example, beneath the surface of the liquid body, or at the same height or depth as the lower head region, or below the depth of the liquid-liquid interface. The pump or pumps may be powered by work, for example, electricity, hydraulic pressure, or mechanical work.

The LDL may a volatile liquid (such as propane or butane) and the LDL storage region may be closed. Regardless of whether the LDL is volatile, the LDL storage region may be closed to outside air. If the LDL is sufficiently volatile, the headspace gases in the LDL may comprise the LDL in the gas phase. If the LDL has a sufficiently high partial pressure (for example: propane or butane), the LDL storage region may be pressure resistant and comply with the appropriate safety precautions.

The HDL may be a volatile liquid. The HDL may comprise water. It may be desirable for the HDL storage region to not be open outside air, as biofouling agents and other contaminants may enter. Alternatively, the headspace of the HDL storage region may comprise, for example, filtered or treated air.

FIG. 8: Step 2: FIG. 8 may show an energy storage device at a relatively charged state. At a charged, or discharge, or when charged, or when at a steady state, a check valve may be employed to prevent liquid from flowing into the LDL tank.

It may not be advantageous to have LDL enter the higher density liquid region, which may occur, for example, during overcharging if the HDL storage region is located at a higher height relative to the LDL. If this were to occur, for example, the LDL may float to the surface of the HDL storage region if the HDL storage region is at a higher height relative to the LDL liquid-liquid interface. This may be remediated, for example, by removing the LDL from the HDL using, for example, one or more or a combination of the following: decanting, cyclone, coalescer, filter, or other means of phase or liquid-liquid separations. If the LDL forms a gas phase at the conditions in the HDL storage region, the LDL may be separated by, for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: removing LDL gas from the headspace, compression of headspace gases, cooling headspace gases, gas separation methods, pressure swing adsorption, pressure swing absorption, membrane, distillation, combustion, absorption, or adsorption.

FIG. 9: Step 3: FIG. 9 may show an energy storage device discharging. HDL may displace LDL in the subsurface storage region, which may result in high pressure LDL passing through a generator, generating electricity, and entering, for example, an LDL storage tank.

FIG. 10: Step 4: FIG. 10 may show an energy storage device at a relatively discharged state. At a discharged or charged or when charged or when at a steady state, a check valve may be employed to prevent liquid from flowing into the LDL tank.

FIG. 11: FIG. 11 may show an example embodiment where the LDL and/or HDL storage regions at a higher head height or above the surface are located on a platform or a floating platform. If desired, the only direct interconnected between the energy storage device and land may be a medium for transporting electricity, such as an electric cable.

FIG. 12: FIG. 12 may show an example embodiment where the LDL and/or HDL storage regions at a higher head height or above the surface are located on land, such as on the shore or on an island.

FIG. 13: FIG. 13 may show an example embodiment where multiple subsurface storage regions are employed for energy storage. If there is more than one subsurface storage region, the subsurface storage regions may be interconnected, which may minimize the number of pipes between the higher head height storage region or regions and the lower head height or subsurface storage region or regions.

Example Installation of an Example Embodiment:

-   -   1. Connect tubes (lower density liquid tube and higher density         liquid tube) to the two ports of a liquid-tight vessel. Tubes         may be wrapped in a roll or in another storage configuration.         -   a. The location of the ports may be of importance, and may             be located, for example, to minimize mixing. For example,             ports may be located near the top of the vessel for the             low-density liquid tube connection and near the bottom of             the vessel for the higher density liquid tube.         -   b. Tubes may be connected to one or more rolls of tubing         -   c. Tubes or vessels may require withstanding pressure,             although in some embodiments only the tube transporting the             lower density liquid must withstand substantial pressure             differences.     -   2. Fill the vessel or tubes or both with a liquid at the same or         similar density as surrounding water body (for example: if         ocean, same density as ocean water, may be salt water or an         aqueous solution containing a dense organic additive, such as         glycerol or ethylene glycol or propylene glycol. It may be         desirable for the liquid to not comprise bio-foulants, scaling         agents, or corrosion or degradation causing agents).         Alternatively, the liquid may comprise bio-foulants, scaling         agents, or corrosion or degradation causing agents, for example         raw ocean water or lake water or raw oil storage liquid or raw         waste water or other liquid. The liquid filling the vessel or         tubes or both in the present step may be considered the higher         density liquid.     -   3. Attach tubes to their desired storage tank and generator/pump     -   4. To ensure the vessel remains in the desired position (for         example, such as upright) and prevent tangling of tubes, the         implementation may involve attaching one or more weights or         anchors to near the bottom of the vessel and one or more buoyant         floats to near the top of the vessel. The float or near top of         the vessel or combination thereof may be further attached to a         line, which may be connected by a connector comprising a         detachable mechanism, such as clip, or remotely detachable clip.     -   5. Allow vessel to sink to a desirable depth, for example, near         or at the bottom of a water body. Unravel the tubes and lines         (for example: the float line and guide line) as the vessel         sinks.     -   6. When the vessel reaches its desired depth (for example: the         depth at which the weight or anchor reaches the bottom) the         guide line may be detached or may be attached to a float         specifying the location.     -   7. To charge, pump low density liquid into the liquid tubes or         vessels, displacing the higher density liquid, which travels         through an adjacent tube into a storage vessel. During charging,         the low-density liquid may displace the higher density liquid in         the tube or in the vessel or in a combination thereof     -   8. To discharge, open valve, allowing pressurized low-density         liquid (for example: from step 8) to the generator (which may         be, for example, a separate generator or may be a pump that can         reversibly be used as a generator).

Potential Benefits of Energy Storage Technology Described Herein:

>80% round trip efficiency

-   -   Liquid pump and generator achieves high efficiency and low         thermodynamic losses

Unlimited available land area (sits at bottom of water body or ocean)

Unlimited storage time

Unlimited charge/discharge cycles

-   -   No moving parts in ocean     -   No degradation or corrosion     -   Reagents do not contact with ocean (water body, such as ocean,         is simply used to create depth/head height with same surrounding         hydrostatic pressure)     -   Unaffected by marine or water body growths (e.g. barnacles,         slimes)         -   Entirely closed system

Cost per kWh—Butane costs ˜$300 per m³ liquid

Energy density (at 1000 m-1 m³ of butane-water is about 1 kWh of electricity)

No environmental impact

-   -   Closed system     -   Non-toxic reagents (if a leak were to occur)

Abundant, Non-toxic, Non-volatile reagents and building materials

Simple, low cost construction

-   -   Hydrostatic pressure inside technology may be the same as its         surroundings. Enables use of low cost, less pressure resistant         materials in construction. (Note: Tube connected to low density         liquid may require higher pressure resistance)     -   No moving parts in water     -   Embodiment may comprise three tanks (two on surface, one on         ocean floor), two pipes and one pump/generator

It may be desirable for the high density liquid (HDL) to have the same density as the surrounding water body liquid. This may enable similar hydrostatic pressure inside the vessel(s) and/or pipes as surrounding the vessel(s) and/or pipes, enabling the potential use of lower cost, less pressure resistant materials.

To maximize the energy density of the introduced storage device, potentially desirable characteristics, include, but are not limited to, large net density difference (i.e. [density of high density liquid]−[density of ‘low density liquid’]) and low pressure or temperature driven liquid compression (e.g. water minimally compresses under high pressure). An example of this includes, but is not limited to, propane (LDL) and water (HDL)

To enable effective functionality of the introduced storage device, potentially desirable characteristics, include, but are not limited to, two or more reagents that are substantially insoluble or immiscible. It may be desirable for the high density liquid and low density liquid to be substantially insoluble or immiscible in each other.

To minimize capital cost, potentially desirable characteristics, include, but are not limited to, low cost reagents, low density for low density liquid, and/or low corrosion or non-corrosive reagents. For example, butane and propane are low cost and liquid at higher pressure operation.

To minimize capital cost, potentially desirable characteristics, include, but are not limited to, employing materials that are compatible with the reagents inside the integrated process. For example, polypropylene or HDPE is inexpensive, abundant, corrosion resistant, and compatible with water, seawater, butane and propane.

The energy storage device may also be a means of storing hydrocarbon liquids or chemicals or volatile hydrocarbons. For example, the LDL storage region and lower head height storage region may comprise storage for hydrocarbons, such as, for example, including, but not limited to, crude oil, gasoline, diesel, kerosene, ethane, propane, butane, hexane, octane, cyclopropane, or decane, or a combination thereof. Hydrocarbon liquids are stored in small, medium, or large quantities before they are used or transported in various applications, such as polymer production, fuel, or other uses. By employing the energy storage device as a simultaneous relatively low density liquid storage device, the capital expense of the hydrocarbon liquids may be avoided. For example, oil & gas companies, hydrocarbon transport companies, oil traders, commodity traders, chemical companies, and other users of hydrocarbons or other relatively low density liquids may employ the present energy storage device as a hydrocarbon liquid storage device. For example, the owners or operators of the energy storage device may be compensated for the storage or service or storing the relatively low density liquids. Although the relatively low density liquids may be purchased, in the present embodiment, the relatively low density liquids may advantageously not be purchased by the owner or operator of the energy storage device. Alternatively, the owner or operator of the energy storage device may be compensated for properly storing the relatively low density liquids. This may eliminate the need to pay the capital expense of purchasing the hydrocarbon liquids, while also developing a new revenue source for storing the hydrocarbon liquids.

High density liquid may comprise a higher density liquid with limited solubility in water, such as propylene carbonate (density of ˜1.2 g/cm3) or ethylene glycol diacetate (density of ˜1.128 g/cm3). With said higher density liquid with limited solubility in water, water may be employed as a low density liquid. Said higher density liquids may be low cost, non-volatile, and relatively non-toxic, enabling their use in large volumes in aquatic or marine environments. Aquatic and marine are used interchangeably herein.

-   -   Ridged storage regions or containers may be employed for the         storage region or regions located beneath the surface of the         water. Said storage regions may include, but are not limited to,         storage containers presently employed to store crude oil or         chemicals beneath the surface of the ocean or other water body.         Storage regions, including non-ridged or ridged storage regions         or containers, may be located outside the water or liquid body.         Alternatively or additionally, the storage regions may be         located in strategic oil reserves, oil storage, natural gas         storage, liquids storage, saline aquifers, geological         formations, or oil & gas wells. It may be desirable for one or         more storage regions experiencing greater than atmospheric         pressure hydrostatic pressure to be in an environment where the         surroundings exert a similar or supplemental pressure to         minimize the strength requirements and potential cost of a         storage region or container. In the case of a solid         surroundings, such as a geological formation, such as a salt         cavern, the geological formation or artificially constructed         geological formation may function to contain or store said         liquids directly and may function as a storage region on its         own.

EXAMPLE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

-   -   An energy storage device comprising:         -   Two or more storage regions         -   Wherein at least one storage region is at a greater pressure             than another storage region         -   Wherein energy is stored using the difference in pressure             between a lower density liquid and a higher density liquid             at the same head height or depth     -   An energy storage device comprising:         -   Two or more storage regions         -   Wherein at least one storage region is at a greater pressure             than another storage region         -   Wherein said energy storage device is charged by pumping a             relatively low density liquid into a storage region to             displace a relatively higher density liquid         -   Wherein said energy storage device is discharged by allowing             a relatively higher density liquid to displace a relatively             lower density liquid and allowing the flow of said lower             density liquid to power a generator or hydraulic turbine     -   A subsea oil or chemicals storage facility which simultaneously         functions as a large-scale energy storage device comprising:         -   Two or more storage regions         -   Wherein at least one storage region is at a greater pressure             than another storage region         -   Wherein energy is stored using the difference in pressure             between a lower density liquid and a higher density liquid             at the same head height or depth     -   A subsea oil or chemicals storage facility which simultaneously         functions as a large-scale energy storage device comprising:         -   Two or more storage regions         -   Wherein at least one storage region is at a greater pressure             than another storage region         -   Wherein said energy storage device is charged by pumping a             relatively low density liquid into a storage region to             displace a relatively higher density liquid         -   Wherein said energy storage device is discharged by allowing             a relatively higher density liquid to displace a relatively             lower density liquid and allowing the flow of said lower             density liquid to power a generator or hydraulic turbine     -   A process for storing energy/electricity while simultaneously         storing natural gas comprising         -   Storing natural gas in gas bags or a storage region beneath             the surface of a water body         -   Storing electricity compressing or pumping natural gas into             said gas bag or storage region, which may expand the volume             of said storage region         -   Discharging or generating electricity by allowing said             natural gas leave said gas bag or storage region and pass             through a generator or turbine         -   Wherein said storage region is connected to a natural gas             pipeline or LNG facility or natural gas facility on the             surface through one or more tubes or pipes

EXAMPLE EXEMPLARY SUB-EMBODIMENTS

-   -   Wherein energy is stored in the displacement of a higher density         liquid using a lower density liquid under conditions where the         pressure head due to gravity of the higher density liquid         exceeds the gravitational pressure head of the lower density         liquid     -   Wherein the pump may function as a generator reversibly     -   Wherein one storage region is located beneath the surface of a         water body and another storage region is located near or above         the surface of a water body     -   Wherein said storage regions function as oil or chemicals         storage     -   Wherein said low density liquid or high density liquid or both         are the oil or chemicals requiring storage     -   Wherein the storage region beneath the surface of the water body         constitutes a higher pressure, lower head height storage region,         while the storage region above the surface of a water body         constitutes a lower pressure, higher head height region     -   Wherein the pump or generator is located near or above the         surface of a water body     -   Wherein said storage region beneath the surface of a water body         contains a concave region with an opening near the bottom of         said concave region open to the surrounding water body     -   Wherein a drum or separator separates or is located between the         lower density liquid and the water from the surrounding water         body     -   Wherein said storage region beneath the surface of a water body         comprises an expandable or contractible or flexible structure,         such as a bladder or bag or balloon, which may expand and fill         with low density liquid during charging and collapse or         contracted or empty during discharging     -   Wherein said storage region comprising an expandable or         contractible or flexible structure may displace water around         said storage region     -   Wherein the high density liquid constitutes water or water body         surrounding a storage region     -   Wherein said storage region beneath the surface of the water         body may be anchored or tethered to the ground near the bottom         of said water body     -   Wherein the pump or generator is in contact with the low-density         liquid     -   Wherein the pump or generator is in contact with the         high-density liquid     -   Wherein the pump or generator is in located beneath the surface         of the water     -   Wherein the pump or generator is in contact with the         high-density liquid and located near the lower head height,         higher pressure storage region     -   Wherein, during charging, the high-density liquid is pumped out         of a storage region and the lower density liquid replaces the         higher density liquid     -   Wherein one or more storage regions is employed for the storage         of one or more chemicals     -   Wherein the low-density liquid or the high density liquid or a         both comprise the chemicals being stored     -   Wherein low-density liquid or high density liquid or both may be         added or removed from said system     -   Wherein said storage facility/energy storage device is located         near an oil platform or chemicals facility     -   Wherein a processing unit is employed to separate out residual         high density liquid from low density liquid or vise versa before         said liquid or liquids are used or transported after removal         from said storage region     -   Wherein the storage units may be employed for storage of oil or         chemicals when excess storage is required     -   Wherein the storage units may contain more of, or filled with,         or almost fully filled with, or filled with more of low-density         liquid to temporarily or semi-permanently or permanently         employed for oil or chemical storage, for example, in the event         said storage is needed     -   Wherein the storage units may contain more of, or filled with,         or almost fully filled with, or filled with more of high-density         liquid to temporarily or semi-permanently or permanently         employed for oil or chemical storage, for example, in the event         said storage is needed     -   Wherein the system may be optimized to prioritize or balance         energy storage or oil storage or chemical storage or a         combination thereof depending on, for example, including, but         not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following:         -   The amount of chemicals or oil requiring storage         -   The market rate/price for chemical or oil storage         -   The market rate/price of energy storage in the electricity             grid         -   The arbitrage value available for energy storage         -   The arbitrage value available for chemical storage     -   Wherein the low density liquid is a low density fluid     -   Wherein said low density fluid comprises a gas     -   Wherein said low density fluid or gas may comprise natural gas     -   Wherein said natural gas may be employed in said system for         energy generation and oil natural gas storage     -   Wherein natural gas may be stored in the form of compressed         natural gas (CNG) or liquid natural gas (LNG)     -   Wherein said storage region is connected to a natural gas         pipeline or LNG facility or natural gas facility on the surface         through one or more tubes or pipes     -   A process for storing energy/electricity while simultaneously         storing natural gas comprising         -   Storing natural gas in gas bags or a storage region beneath             the surface of a water body         -   Storing electricity compressing or pumping natural gas into             said gas bag or storage region, which may expand the volume             of said storage region         -   Discharging or generating electricity by allowing said             natural gas leave said gas bag or storage region and pass             through a generator or turbine         -   Wherein said storage region is connected to a natural gas             pipeline or LNG facility or natural gas facility on the             surface through one or more tubes or pipes

Lower head height, higher pressure storage region may be equivalent to the storage region beneath the surface of a water body

Energy Density (Butane-Water):

Potential Energy Head Height (Wh per m³) (m) (One Cycle) 1 1.09 2 2.18 3 3.27 4 4.36 5 5.45 6 6.54 7 7.63 8 8.72 9 9.81 10 10.9 100 109 1000 1090

Liquid Densities

The table below shows the densities of various example liquids, which may be employed in the technology introduced herein.

Temperature- Density- t- ρ- Liquid (° C.) (kg/m³) Acetic Acid 25 1049 Acetone 25 784.6 Acetonitrile 20 782 Alcohol, ethyl (ethanol) 25 785.1 Alcohol, methyl (methanol) 25 786.5 Alcohol, propyl 25 800.0 Ammonia (aqua) 25 823.5 Aniline 25 1019 Automobile oils 15 880-940 Beer (varies) 10 1010 Benzene 25 873.8 Benzil 15 1230 Brine 15 1230 Bromine 25 3120 Butyric Acid 20 959 Butane 25 599 n-Butyl Acetate 20 880 n-Butyl Alcohol 20 810 n-Butylhloride 20 886 Caproic acid 25 921 Carbolic acid (phenol) 15 956 Carbon disulfide 25 1261 Carbon tetrachloride 25 1584 Carene 25 857 Castor oil 25 956.1 Chloride 25 1560 Chlorobenzene 20 1106 Chloroform 20 1489 Chloroform 25 1465 Citric acid, 50% aqueous solution 15 1220 Coconut oil 15 924 Cotton seed oil 15 926 Cresol 25 1024 Creosote 15 1067 Crude oil, 48° API 60° F. 790 Crude oil, 40° API 60° F. 825 Crude oil, 35.6° API 60° F. 847 Crude oil, 32.6° API 60° F. 862 Crude oil, California 60° F. 915 Crude oil, Mexican 60° F. 973 Crude oil, Texas 60° F. 873 Cumene 25 860 Cyclohexane 20 779 Cyclopentane 20 745 Decane 25 726.3 Diesel fuel oil 20 to 60 15 820-950 Diethyl ether 20 714 o-Dichlorobenzene 20 1306 Dichloromethane 20 1326 Diethylene glycol 15 1120 Dichloromethane 20 1326 Dimethyl Acetamide 20 942 N,N-Dimethylformamide 20 949 Dimethyl Sulfoxide 20 1100 Dodecane 25 754.6 Ethane −89 570 Ether 25 713.5 Ethylamine 16 681 Ethyl Acetate 20 901 Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol, pure alcohol, grain 20 789 alcohol or drinking alcohol) Ethyl Ether 20 713 Ethylene Dichloride 20 1253 Ethylene glycol 25 1097 Trichlorofluoromethane refrigerant R-11 25 1476 Dichlorodifluoromethane refrigerant R-12 25 1311 Chlorodifluoromethane refrigerant R-22 25 1194 Formaldehyde 45 812 Formic acid 10% concentration 20 1025 Formic acid 80% concentration 20 1221 Fuel oil 60° F. 890 Furan 25 1416 Furforol 25 1155 Gasoline, natural 60° F. 711 Gasoline, Vehicle 60° F. 737 Gas oils 60° F. 890 Glucose 60° F. 1350-1440 Glycerine 25 1259 Glycerol 25 1126 Heating oil 20 920 Heptane 25 679.5 Hexane 25 654.8 Hexanol 25 811 Hexene 25 671 Hydrazine 25 795 lonene 25 932 lsobutyl Alcohol 20 802 Iso-Octane 20 692 Isopropyl Alcohol 20 785 Isopropyl Myristate 20 853 Kerosene 60° F. 820.1 Linolenic Acid 25 897 Linseed oil 25 929.1 Machine oil 20 910 Mercury 13590 Methane −164 465 Methanol 20 791 Methyl Isoamyl Ketone 20 888 Methyl lsobutyl Ketone 20 801 Methyl n-Propyl Ketone 20 808 Methyl t-Butyl Ether 20 741 N-Methylpyrrolidone 20 1030 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 20 805 Milk 15 1020-1050 Naphtha 15 665 Naphtha, wood 25 960 Napthalene 25 820 Nitric acid 0 1560 Ocimene 25 798 Octane 15 698.6 Oil of resin 20 940 Oil of turpentine 20 870 Oil, lubricating 20 900 Olive oil 20 800-920 Oxygen (liquid) −183 1140 Paraffin 800 Palmitic Acid 25 851 Pentane 20 626 Pentane 25 625 Perchlor ethylene 20 1620 Petroleum Ether 20 640 Petrol, natural 60° F. 711 Petrol, Vehicle 60° F. 737 Phenol (carbolic acid) 25 1072 Phosgene 0 1378 Phytadiene 25 823 Pinene 25 857 Propane −40 493.5 Propane, R-290 25 494 Propanol 25 804 Propylenearbonate 20 1201 Propylene 25 514.4 Propylene glycol 25 965.3 Pyridine 25 979 Pyrrole 25 966 Rape seed oil 20 920 Resorcinol 25 1269 Rosin oil 15 980 Sea water 25 1025 Silane 25 718 Silicone oil 25 965-980 Sodium Hydroxide (caustic soda) 15 1250 Sorbaldehyde 25 895 Soya bean oil 15 924-928 Stearic Acid 25 891 Sulfuric Acid 95% concentration 20 1839 Sulfurus acid −20 1490 Sugar solution 68 brix 15 1338 Sunflower oil 20 920 Styrene 25 903 Terpinene 25 847 Tetrahydrofuran 20 888 Toluene 20 867 Trichlor ethylene 20 1470 Triethylamine 20 728 Trifluoroacetic Acid 20 1489 Turpentine 25 868.2 Water, heavy 11.6 1105 Water-pure 4 1000 Water-sea 77° F. 1022 Whale oil 15 925 o-Xylene 20 880

Low density liquid or high density liquid may be sourced from, for example, waste products. For example, the low density liquid or the high density liquid may be sourced from, for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: waste cooking oil, waste plastic, waste plastic converted into liquids, waste plastic converted into fuel oil, waste glycerol, waste alcohol, waste coolant, waste antifreeze, waste lubricant, waste fuel, contaminated oil, contaminated chemicals, or expired goods.

Prior Art, Incorporated Herein by Reference

(Ocean Renewable Energy Storage (ORES) System: Analysis of an Undersea Energy Storage Concept, 2013, 10.1109/JPROC.2013.2242411, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6471167/)(https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2016/09/storing-energy-the-sea-a-new-design-for-marine-energy-storage.html).

Application Ser. No. 14/003,567, 20140060028, Pumped-Storage Power Plant https://patents.justia.com/patent/20140060028

Third Description of Embodiments Tidal Power System

Description: The present embodiments may relate to systems and methods for generating energy from the change in water level due to tides. Some embodiments may be applicable to, for example, a tidal power energy generation system, which generates energy from change in water level due to, for example, tides. Some embodiments may involve using the displacement of air or other fluid from a storage region due to a rise in water level due to tides to generate energy, such as electricity. Some embodiments may involve using the movement of air or other fluid into a storage region due to a decrease in water level due to tides to generate electricity. The movement of air or displacement of air may be transferred through one or more tubes to, for example, the surface and/or may be converted to electricity using, for example, a pneumatic generator. The generation of electricity, pneumatic pump, pneumatic generator, and/or other components may be located on the surface outside the water or storage region if desired. Another gas or fluid other than air or in addition to air or in combination with air may be employed if desired. Said storage region may comprise a water or air or fluid impermeable material or structure with a concave region containing space which can be occupied by a fluid. Said concave region may be occupied by a porous material, for example, sand or rocks or cinder blocks or plastic bottles or packing material, which may contain space which can be occupied by a fluid, such as water or air. Said storage region may comprise a water or air tight liner or tarp which forms a concave region over a portion of sand or rock or cinder blocks or plastic bottles or packing material or solid material with space which can be occupied by a fluid, such as water or air. Said storage region may comprise a rigid structure such as an old ship, or a plastic container. Said storage region may comprise a bag, or bladder, or flexible structure, which may be expanded when filled with a gas or a low density liquid at, for example, lower tides, and collapsible when said gas or low density liquid is released through, for example, a generator, at higher tides. Said concave region may comprise open space which may be occupied by a fluid, such as water or air. Said concave region may be positioned such that the concave region faces the direction of the earth's surface (e.g. the direction of the force of gravity) such that a lower density fluid may be trapped in said concave region if desired. Said concave region may contain a tube with an opening inside said concave region. Said tube may be interconnected to the surface, where it may be connected to a pneumatic pump or generator or a hydraulic pump or generator. Said tube may be placed under and around said concave region, as opposed to, for example, through the material of said storage region, as this may reduce the likelihood of leaks through said storage region.

The concave region or storage region may comprise infrastructure employed for another purpose, which may include, but is not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: a sewer system, a drainage system, a runoff water system, a wastewater system, a drainage pipe, an intake pipe, an outflow pipe, or a water storage region.

A concave region or storage region may be filled with a porous material fill. Said porous material fill may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: sand, gravel, rock, packing material, or cinderblock, or plastic bottles, or plastic containers, or plastic buckets, or interconnected cinderblock, or interconnected plastic containers, or interconnected packing material.

The concave region or storage region may be built into or may be a component of a pre-existing or new marine structure. For example, a concave region or storage region (which may be integrated with an air tube and pneumatic generator/pump) may be fabricated as a component causeway, breakwall, building foundation, landfill or land expansion, or artificial island. Advantageously, the subsurface of waterfront land, which is rarely seen or utilized after construction, may be transformed into a means for generating renewable electricity from the tides or changes in water level of a water body.

For example, a concave region or storage region may be constructed as part of a causeway or landfill or artificial island in three general steps: 1) Air tubes may be placed in the region where the marine structure will be constructed. The air tubes may have an end which is located at a vertical height near the vertical height of the eventually constructed concave region or storage region. If advantageous, a water pipe may be placed in the region where the marine structure will be constructed to facilitate water flow in the eventually constructed concave region or storage region. Alternatively, water seepage or permeate may be the sole source of water flow if, for example, a water pipe is not employed. 2) Porous material fill, such as rock, or sand, or cinder block, or other fill materials, or other porous fill materials described herein, or a combination thereof, may be added. Said fill materials may comprise the interior of the concave region or storage region. Said fill materials may surround the air tubes. It may be desirable for said fill materials to surround, although not substantially or completely block or kink or clog an air tube. Fill materials may be carefully placed to match a design or the contour of the storage region or concave region liner. 3) A liner may be placed over said fill materials and pipe. It may be desirable for the liner to match the contour of the fill materials and it may be desirable for the liner to surround the fill materials for the full vertical depth of the fill materials or storage region. A liner may include, but is not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: a HDPE liner, or LDPE liner, or aluminum liner, or steel liner, or metal coated liner, or metal liner, or cement liner, a cement layer, or clay liner, or landfill liner, or pond liner, or lake liner, storage basin liner, or a nylon liner, or geosynthetic liner, or PVC liner, or bag, or fabric, or textile, or mesh, or high strength polymer liner, or woven liner, or braided liner, or liner comprising multiple layers of materials for strength and fluid tightness, or tarp.

After the liner has been placed, materials comprising the rest of the marine structure may be added to, for example, construct the marine structure. If advantageous, buffer materials may be added to the top or bottom of the liner to minimize potential wear and tear or prevent the formation of perforations in the liner. Said buffer materials may include, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: sand, or burlap, or twine, or woven nyon, or Kevlar, or gravel, or clay, or mud, or foam, or cement, or concrete, or mesh, or fabric, or textile, or rubber. Advantageously, it is possible to construct the present tidal power system with no moving parts beneath the surface of the water, or underground, or inside the storage region or cavity.

For example, a concave region or storage region may be constructed as an aspect of an artificial reef or from vessels or structures which may otherwise be sunk. For example, a concave region or storage region may be constructed from using upside-down vessel or ship or boat or tank or barge. Advantageously, the hull of a ship may already be fluid tight, although additional patching or re-enforcement may be employed if desired. An example implementation may involve one or more of the following steps: 1) placing tubing and/or water pipes inside said vessel. An opening of the air tubing may be placed or attached near the bottom of the vessel (which may be near the eventual top of the storage region or concave region when said vessel becomes a storage region or concave region). Water tubing may be employed to facilitate water flow in and out of the storage region or concave region. 2) Placing porous filling material into at least a portion of said vessel. Said porous filling material may be employed to prevent the vessel from floating when the vessel open space is occupied by air. Alternatively or additionally, said vessel may be prevented from floating by using anchors and lines, which may be evenly distributed across the vessel. If necessary, a portion of the remaining air space inside the vessel may be filled with water to promote sinking. 3) Flipping said vessel upside down and placing said vessel at or near the bottom of the water body. It may be desirable for the fill material to be at least partially contained in the vessel to prevent significant uncontrolled spilling of fill material. Fill material may be contained due to at least partially covered compartments inside said vessel. Alternatively or additionally, said fill materials may be contained using a fabric or mesh or twine or net. It may be advantageous to conduct this step when the vessel is near the bottom of said water body to, for example, minimize uncontrolled spilling of fill material. Air pipes may be connected to an air pump or pneumatic generator located near, at, or above the surface. Water pipes may be open to the surrounding water body. Advantageously, if a storage region or concave region is located near the bottom of a water body, it may experience near or close to the full hydraulic head of the water body throughout the energy generation step, although this may be dependent on the vertical height of said concave region relative to the depth of the water body and water level difference between low and high tide.

Some embodiments may generate electricity from the difference in hydraulic pressure in a storage region in a water body due to the change with water level, which may be due to tides. An embodiment may involve a storage region beneath the surface of a water body. During relatively lower water levels or tides, air may be pumped into the storage region using, for example, one or more tubes, displacing water in said storage region. During relatively higher water levels or tides, water may be allowed to displace air from said storage region, and said air may pass through, for example, one or more tubes into pneumatic generator, generating useful work or electricity. It is important to note that at higher water levels or tides, the hydraulic pressure in the storage region may be significantly greater than the hydraulic pressure in the storage region during lower water levels or tides. Net energy or electricity may be generated due to, for example, the significantly greater amount of energy or electricity generated from air being displaced into a generator at higher tides or water levels than the energy or electricity required to pump air into said storage region during lower water levels or tides. Net energy or electricity generated may comprise the difference in between the energy generated during higher water levels or tides compared to the energy consumed during lower water levels or tides.

Embodiments may generate electricity during one or more of the tide cycles. For example, some embodiments may generate electricity during four tide cycles in a ˜1 day period (for example: 2 high tides, two low tides)—an example of this may be an embodiment employing an underground cavity with depth in the range of the ocean water level at higher or lower or both tides. For example, some embodiments may generate electricity during two tide cycles in a ˜1 day period (for example: 2 high tides)—an example of this may be an embodiment employing an under water storage region at below or near or about same water depth of the low tide depth in a region. For example, some embodiments may generate electricity during less cycles than their available capacity—an example of this may be an embodiment employing an underground cavity with depth in the range of the ocean water level at higher or lower or both tides wherein the process generates electricity during only higher tides. An embodiment which only generates electricity during higher tides may be advantageous as some cavities may not be structurally suitable for partial vacuums, which may be required to generate electricity during all four tide movements during a day.

The process may employ a hydroelectric or hydro generator if advantageous. It is important to note to minimize costs and maximize longevity, it may be advantageous to employ a pneumatic generator powered by air displacement.

Cavity, storage region, or concave region may be analogous or synonym terms.

Example Advantages:

Cost:

-   -   Material cost is low. Material cost may simply comprise a liner,         pipes, filling material (if not already available in the         surrounding environment), and pneumatic generator or pump     -   Labor cost may vary depending on whether the installation is         part of another project, such as the construction of a marine         structure, and whether the installation required digging beneath         the surface of the ground or dredging.

Resilience and durability:

-   -   Some embodiments may be located underground or beneath the         surface of a water body, reducing potential hazards from waves         and debris     -   Some embodiments may have no moving parts beneath the surface of         the water body, reducing or eliminating potential complications         from corrosion, fouling, or debris     -   Moving parts may, if desired, not be in contact or direct         contact with water or the water body, reducing their cost and         increasing their expected lifespan

Efficiency

-   -   Pneumatic generators powered using relatively low pressure         pressurized air can produce electricity at an efficiency greater         than 50%, or greater than 60%, or greater than 70%, or greater         than 80%, or greater than 90%.

Example Step by Step Descriptions Underground Air & Water Cavity:

Overview: FIGS. 14-19 may show embodiments employing an underground storage region or cavity. Each figure may show an example step in the process of generating electricity from changes in water level due to, for example, including, but not limited to, tides. In FIGS. 14-19, the storage region or cavity may comprise mostly open space for fluid, such as air or water, to occupy.

FIG. 14: Step 1 (Higher Tide, Filling, Electricity Generation): FIG. 14 may show an embodiment where electricity is being generated. Air is allowed to be released through the opening of a valve in the air tube or pneumatic pump, which allows air to exit storage region through a pipe into a pneumatic generator, which may generate electricity. Due to the relatively high water level in the surrounding or nearby water body relative to the water level in the storage region, the air pressure in the storage region may be greater than the atmosphere air pressure. Water from the surrounding or nearby water body may pass through a pump or travel via seepage into the storage region, displacing the air in said storage region. The flow rate of air exiting the storage region and the rate of water entering the storage region may be controlled by controlling the flow rate of air entering the pneumatic generator.

FIG. 15: Step 2 (High Tide, Cavity Full): FIG. 15 may show an embodiment where the storage region is nearly full with water. The storage region may be considered nearly full with water when it achieves either of the following: 1) the water level in the storage region is near or at the maximum water level in the nearby water body's recent tide range; or 2) the water volume reaches the maximum practical volumetric capacity of the storage region.

FIG. 16: Step 3 (Lower Tide, Emptying, Generating Electricity): FIG. 16 may show an embodiment generating electricity when the surrounding water body water level is relatively low compared to the water level inside the storage region. Energy may be generated due to the flow of air into the storage region as water exits said storage region, and where said flow of air powers, for example, a pneumatic generator. The flow of water out of said storage region may be through a water pipe or water seepage. It is important to note depth of the storage region or, if a water pipe is connected to the storage region, the depth of the water pipe, may desirably be lower than the depth of the water in water body to prevent uncontrolled water exiting or air entering the storage region. Air flow and water exiting may be controlled through the opening of a valve in connected to the air tube or pneumatic generator.

FIG. 17: Step 4 (Lower Tide, Empty): FIG. 17 may show an embodiment where the storage region is nearly empty with water. The storage region may be considered nearly empty with water when it achieves one of the following: 1) the water level in the storage region is near or at the minimum water level in the nearby water body's recent tide range; or 2) there is no water in the storage region.

FIG. 18: Step 4 Alternative (Lower Tide, Empty, depending on time of year and location): FIG. 18 may show an embodiment where the storage region is fully empty with water. It is important to note that energy generation from water exiting a storage region may require the water pipe or the storage region to be at least partially beneath the surface of the water to prevent unintentional air or water flow. It is important to note that a storage region occupied almost entirely by air may maximize the potential energy generation capacity.

FIG. 19: Step 5 (Lower Tide, Pump remaining water out): FIG. 19 may show an embodiment where air is pumped into a storage region to remove residual water. Pumping air into the storage region may be conducted, for example, while the water level in the surrounding water body is relatively low. The energy required to pump air into the storage region (and displacing residual water) at a lower tide may be significantly less the than the energy generated from the increase in displaceable volume occupied by air in the storage region. Additionally, air may be pumped into the storage region to remove water which may have been trapped in the air pipe.

Example Embodiment where Water/Air Cavity or Storage Region Contains a Porous Material:

Overview: FIGS. 20-23 may show embodiments employing an underground storage region or cavity. Each figure may show an example step in the process of generating electricity from changes in water level due to, for example, including, but not limited to, tides. In FIGS. 14-19, the storage region or cavity may comprise mostly porous filling material, which may contain space for fluid, such as air or water, to occupy. The steps for generating electricity may be similar to the steps shown in FIGS. 14-19.

FIG. 20: Step 1 (Higher Tide, Filling, Electricity Generation): FIG. 20 shows an example embodiment where water/air cavity or storage region contains a porous material.

FIG. 21: Step 2 (High Tide, Cavity Full): FIG. 21 shows an example embodiment where water/air cavity or storage region contains a porous material.

FIG. 22: Step 3 (Lower Tide, Emptying, Generating Electricity): FIG. 22 shows an example embodiment where water/air cavity or storage region contains a porous material.

FIG. 23: Step 4 (Lower Tide, Empty): FIG. 23 shows an example embodiment where water air cavity or storage region contains a porous material.

Under Water Vessel (May be Near Full Head Height Throughout Power Generation):

FIG. 24: Step 1 (Higher Tide, Filling, Generating Electricity): FIG. 24 shows an example embodiment where water/air cavity or storage region is located on or within a water body.

FIG. 25: Step 2 (Higher Tide, Full): FIG. 25 shows an example embodiment where water/air cavity or storage region is located on or within a water body.

FIG. 26: Step 3 (Lower Tide, Emptying): FIG. 26 shows an example embodiment where water/air cavity or storage region is located on or within a water body.

FIG. 27: Alternative Step 3 (Lower Tide, Emptying, Depending on Tide and Location): FIG. 27 shows an example embodiment where water/air cavity or storage region is located on or within a water body.

FIG. 28: Step 4 (Lower Tide, Empty): FIG. 28 shows an example embodiment where water/air cavity or storage region is located on or within a water body.

FIG. 29: FIG. 29 shows an example embodiment with a floating pump or generator station.

It will be appreciated that while many of the above figures show the vessel or other storage structure at or near the bottom of the water body, it may be located at any convenient location below the surface. In some embodiments it may be moored to the bottom and/or the top of the water body.

Air may be substituted with other fluids described herein. In the case where the fluid comprises a liquid, a hydraulic or hydroelectric generator may be employed instead of a pneumatic generator.

Relatively higher tides are when the water level in a water body is higher than the water level during relatively lower tides. Water level changes may be due to primarily changes in the water level due to gravitational tides.

EXAMPLE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

A tidal power system comprising:

-   -   A region comprising a cavity, or concave region, or a storage         region surrounded by at least a portion water impermeable         material     -   Wherein water displaces air from said region at relatively high         tides,     -   Wherein air displaces water at relatively lower tides     -   Wherein electricity is generated from movement of air to or from         said region

EXAMPLE EXEMPLARY SUB-EMBODIMENTS

-   -   Wherein energy or electricity is generated using a pneumatic         turbine or generator     -   Wherein said region is located beneath the surface of the         ground, or inside a causeway, or a landfill, or an artificial         island, or a breakwall, or a building foundation, or a structure         foundation, or a combination thereof     -   Wherein said storage region contains a porous fill material     -   Wherein said porous fill material comprises one or more or a         combination of the following: sand, gravel, rock, packing         material, or cinderblock, or plastic bottles, or plastic         containers, or plastic buckets, or interconnected cinderblock,         or interconnected plastic containers, or interconnected packing         material     -   Wherein said water impermeable material may comprise a liner     -   Wherein air exits and enters said region using a pipe     -   Wherein said pipe has an opening inside said storage region or         an opening above the surface of the water or both     -   Wherein water enters or exits said region via water seepage     -   Wherein water enters or exits said region via a pipe     -   Wherein water enters or exits said region through an opening in         said region or water impermeable material     -   Wherein said is structurally rigid     -   Wherein said region is structurally flexible or expandable or         collapsible and may comprise a bladder, bag, or similar device     -   Wherein said air is located inside said structurally flexible         region and said structurally flexible region is inflated during         lower tides and collapsed during higher tides     -   Wherein said collapsing generates electricity through the         displacement of air from said structurally flexible region into         a pneumatic generator     -   Wherein said region comprises infrastructure employed for         another purpose, such as one or more or a combination of the         following: a sewer system, a drainage system, a runoff water         system, a wastewater system, a drainage pipe, an intake pipe, an         intake system, an outflow pipe, an outflow system, or a storage         region.     -   Wherein a liner comprises one or more or a combination of the         following: a HDPE liner, or LDPE liner, or aluminum liner, or         steel liner, or metal coated liner, or metal liner, or cement         liner, a cement layer, or clay liner, or landfill liner, or pond         liner, or lake liner, storage basin liner, or a nylon liner, or         geosynthetic liner, or PVC liner, or bag, or fabric, or textile,         or mesh, or high strength polymer liner, or woven liner, or         braided liner, or liner comprising multiple layers of materials         for strength and fluid tightness, or tarp.     -   Wherein said region is constructed as an aspect of an artificial         reef or from vessels or structures which may otherwise be sunk         or a combination thereof     -   Wherein air is pumped into said region during lower tides and         air is released from said region into a generator during higher         tides     -   Wherein the energy generated during higher tides exceeds the         energy consumed during lower tides     -   Wherein air is pumped into said region to store electricity     -   Wherein air is released from said region to generate electricity     -   Wherein the present invention can function as a tidal power         energy generation device, an energy storage device, or both

SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments for “Systems and Methods for Preventing Fouling of Marine Structures”

1. A system for reducing fouling on an aquatic structure comprising: an aquatic structure comprising at least one surface exposed to water; a concave region on at least one portion of the surface exposed to water wherein said concave region is configured to maintain a substantially non-contiguous physical separation between water and said region and wherein at least a portion of said concave region is occupied with a gas. 2. The system of Embodiment 1 wherein the substantially non-contiguous physical separation is maintained by controlling the amount of gas in said concave region. 3. The system of Embodiment 1 further comprising a controller and a gas source operably connected to said concave region wherein the controller and gas source control the amount of gas. 4. The system of Embodiment 3 wherein said controller and gas source are employed to displace water with gas in at least a portion of said concave region. 5. The system of Embodiment 1 wherein the said gas pocket is controllably immobilized for a controlled period of time. 6. The system of Embodiment 5 wherein said time is at least about 5 seconds. 7. The system of Embodiment 1 wherein said substantially non-contiguous physical separation is present greater than 30% of the time said structure is in use. 8. A system for reducing fouling on an aquatic structure comprising: an aquatic structure comprising at least one surface exposed to water when the structure is in use; a concave region on at least one portion of the surface exposed to water wherein said concave region is configured to maintain a substantially non-contiguous physical separation between water and said region. 9. The system of Embodiment 8 wherein the volume beneath said concave region is adjustable. 10. The system of Embodiment 8 wherein the surface area of the concave region is adjustable. 11. The system of Embodiment 8 wherein the height of the concave region relative to water is adjustable. 12. The system of Embodiment 8 wherein at least one of the volume beneath said concave region, the surface area of the concave region, or the height of the concave region above water, is adjusted by changing the surface morphology of or on the concave region. 13. The system of Embodiment 8 wherein at least a portion of the surface exposed to water is substantially hydrophobic. 14. An improved aquatic structure comprising: a structure comprising at least one surface exposed to water when the structure is in use wherein the improvement comprises: configuring at least a portion of said surface exposed to water such that said portion has a non-contiguous separation with water when the structure is in use and wherein the portion having a non-contiguous separation with water provides a gas pocket between said portion and water when the structure is in use. 15. The improved aquatic structure of Embodiment 14 wherein the amount of substantially non-contiguous physical separation with water of the surface exposed to water is controlled by adjusting the amount of gas in the pocket. 16. The improved aquatic structure of Embodiment 14 wherein said non-contiguous separation is present greater than 30% of the time said structure is in use. 17. The improved aquatic structure of Embodiment 14 wherein said portion configured to be non-contiguous reduces visible fouling by at least 50% as compared to a similar structure lacking said non-contiguous portion. 18. The improved aquatic structure of Embodiment 14 wherein the amount of gas in the pocket is adjustable. 19. The improved aquatic structure of Embodiment 14 wherein the volume of the gas pocket is adjustable. 20. The improved aquatic structure of Embodiment 14 wherein the surface area or volume of the non-contiguous separated portion is adjustable. 21. The system of Embodiment 14 wherein the height of the non-contiguous separated portion with respect to water is adjustable.

Embodiments for “Low Density Fluid Displacement to Generate Power”

1. A system for generating electricity comprising: a first storage reservoir near the surface of a body of water and configured to store a low density fluid which is substantially immiscible with water; a second storage reservoir located below the surface of a body of water and configured to store water; a pump; and a generator; wherein the pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected such that electricity is stored by displacing water in the second storage reservoir by pumping low density fluid in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir and electricity is generated (or discharge) by allowing the low density fluid in the second storage reservoir to return to the first reservoir. 2. The system of Embodiment 1 wherein the pump and the generator may be the same unit. 3. The system of Embodiment 1 wherein said second storage reservoir comprises an expandable or contractible structure. 4. The system of Embodiment 1 wherein said second storage reservoir comprises a bladder, a bag, or a balloon. 5. The system of Embodiment 1 wherein said second storage reservoir contains a concave region with an opening near the bottom of said concave region open to the body of water. 6. The system of Embodiment 1 wherein said second storage reservoir is tethered to the bottom of said water body. 7. The system of Embodiment 1 wherein the low density fluid comprises a hydrocarbon liquid or natural gas. 8. The system of Embodiment 1 wherein the low density fluid comprises compressed natural gas or liquid natural gas. 9. The system of Embodiment 1 which is operatively connected to a unit requiring electricity. 10. A process to generate energy comprising: storing energy by displacing at least a portion of a first fluid having a first density with a second fluid having a second density which is lower than said first fluid wherein said first and second fluid are substantially immiscible in each other; allowing a power discharge by displacing at least a portion of the lower density second fluid with the first higher density fluid; wherein said generating step, allowing step, or both are facilitated by pressure and gravity. 11. The process of Embodiment 10 wherein said generating step, allowing step, or both occur beneath a surface of water wherein said water is employed to facilitate pressure. 12. The process of Embodiment 10 wherein said first fluid is water. 13. The process of Embodiment 10 wherein said second fluid comprises compressed natural gas, liquid natural gas, liquid hydrocarbon, petroleum ether, or crude oil. 14. The process of Embodiment 10 wherein the second fluid having a second density is stored near the surface of a body of water. 15. The process of Embodiment 10 which further comprises converting the power discharge to electricity. 16. The process of Embodiment 10 which further comprises storing said power discharge. 17. The process of Embodiment 10 which further comprises converting the power discharge to electricity. 18. The process of Embodiment 10 wherein the first or second fluid comprise a waste fluid. 19. The process of Embodiment 10 wherein the first or second fluid comprise a fluid generated from a solid waste. 20. The process of Embodiment 10 wherein the first or second fluid comprise a cooking oil.

Embodiments for “Underwater Energy Storage and Electricity”

1. A process for generating electricity from tides comprising:

providing a cavity which is operatively linked to tidal waters and configured such that air is displaced with water at higher tides and such that water is displaced with air at lower tides;

displacing at least a portion of air within the cavity with water at higher tides;

displacing at least a portion of water within the cavity with air at lower tides;

wherein the displacing of water, air or both generates power. 2. The process of Embodiment 1 wherein the cavity is open on bottom. 3. The process of Embodiment 1 further comprising transferring at least a portion of displaced air to a pneumatic generator. 4. The process of Embodiment 1 which further comprises controlling the flow rate of air during displacing of air. 5. The process of Embodiment 1 which further comprises controlling the flow rate of water during displacing of air. 6. The process of Embodiment 1 wherein the cavity is above ground. 7. The process of Embodiment 1 wherein the cavity is below ground. 8. The process of Embodiment 1 wherein the cavity is at least partially submerged in a tidal water body. 9. The process of Embodiment 1 further comprising transferring at least a portion of displaced air to a pneumatic generator through one or more pipes. 10. The process of Embodiment 1 wherein the cavity comprises a flexible liner. 11. The process of Embodiment 1 wherein the cavity is rigid. 12. The process of Embodiment 1 wherein the cavity is expandable or collapsible. 13. The process of Embodiment 1 which is configured such that power generated at higher tides exceeds any power consumed during lower tides. 14. A process for generating electricity from tides comprising:

providing a cavity which is at least partially filled with a porous material and air which cavity is operatively linked to tidal waters and configured such that air is displaced with water at higher tides and such that water is displaced with air at lower tides;

displacing at least a portion of air within the cavity with water at higher tides;

displacing at least a portion of water within the cavity with air at lower tides;

wherein the displacing of water, air or both generates power. 15. The process of Embodiment 14 wherein the porous material comprises sand, gravel, rock, packing material, or cinderblock, or plastic bottles, or plastic containers, or plastic buckets, or interconnected cinderblock, or interconnected plastic containers, interconnected packing material, or mixtures thereof. 16. The process of Embodiment 14 wherein the cavity comprises a flexible liner. 17. The process of Embodiment 14 wherein the cavity is rigid. 18. The process of Embodiment 14 wherein the cavity is expandable or collapsible. 19. The process of Embodiment 14 further comprising transferring at least a portion of displaced air to a pneumatic generator. 20. The process of Embodiment 14 which further comprises controlling the flow rate of water during displacing of air.

FURTHER DISCUSSION OF SECOND DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Additional Energy Storage Embodiments Summary

The present invention pertains to a system for storing energy. The present invention stores energy in the hydrostatic pressure difference between a lesser density liquid and a greater density liquid over the same hydraulic head or depth.

The present invention may involve storing energy by displacing water or other greater density liquid with a lesser density liquid. Said displacing of water with a lesser density liquid may involve pumping lesser density liquid to a greater depth beneath the surface of water or other body of liquid. Said pumping may consume power, such as electricity, and convert said power into gravitational potential energy and/or energy stored in a hydrostatic pressure difference. Said stored energy may be converted back into power by allowing said lesser density liquid to be released from said greater depth beneath the surface of water or other body of liquid to a lesser depth beneath the surface of water or other body of liquid, passing through a generator in the process.

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 30: FIG. 30 may show an energy storage system where the first storage reservoir is located on land and the pump and/or generator is located on land. The second storage reservoir is located beneath the surface of a water body at a greater hydrostatic pressure and/or greater depth beneath the surface of a water body than the first storage reservoir. The first storage reservoir, the pump and/or generator, and the second storage reservoir may be connected using pipes. FIG. 30 may show the energy storage system undergoing charging. Charging may involve storing power by pumping low density liquid from the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir. Storage reservoirs may comprise expandable and/or contractable or collapsible tanks. For example, during charging, the first storage reservoir may contract or collapse into a smaller volume as liquid is pumped from the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir. For example, during charging, the second storage reservoir may expand into a larger volume as liquid is pumped from the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir.

FIG. 31: FIG. 31 may show an energy storage system where the first storage reservoir is located on land and the pump and/or generator is located on land. The second storage reservoir is located beneath the surface of a water body at a greater hydrostatic pressure and/or greater depth beneath the surface of a water body than the first storage reservoir. The first storage reservoir, the pump and/or generator, and the second storage reservoir may be connected using pipes. FIG. 31 may show the energy storage system undergoing discharging. Discharging may involve releasing stored energy by allowing the release of lower density liquid from the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir, generating power in the process by allowing said low density liquid to pass through a generator. Storage reservoirs may comprise expandable and/or contractable or collapsible tanks. For example, during discharging, the first storage reservoir may expand into a larger volume as liquid is released from the second storage reservoir to the first storage reservoir. For example, during discharging, the second storage reservoir may contract or collapse into a smaller volume as liquid is released from the second storage reservoir to the first storage reservoir.

FIG. 32: FIG. 32 may show an energy storage system where the first storage reservoir is located near, at, or beneath the surface of a water body and/or the pump and/or generator is located near, at or beneath the surface of a water body. The second storage reservoir is located beneath the surface of a water body at a greater hydrostatic pressure and/or greater depth beneath the surface of a water body than the first storage reservoir. The first storage reservoir, the pump and/or generator, and the second storage reservoir may be connected using pipes. FIG. 32 may show the energy storage system undergoing charging.

FIG. 33: FIG. 33 may show an energy storage system where the first storage reservoir is located near, at, or beneath the surface of a water body and/or the pump and/or generator is located near, at or beneath the surface of a water body. The second storage reservoir is located beneath the surface of a water body at a greater hydrostatic pressure and/or greater depth beneath the surface of a water body than the first storage reservoir. The first storage reservoir, the pump and/or generator, and the second storage reservoir may be connected using pipes. FIG. 33 may show the energy storage system undergoing discharging.

Example Figure Keys

FIG. 30 Diagram Element Description 1 ‘1’ or the first storage reservoir, may comprise a tank or reservoir storing a relatively low density liquid at a lesser hydrostatic pressure than the second storage region, ‘2’. ‘1’ may exist at a pressure at or near the ambient pressure surrounding ‘1’. Alternatively, or additionally, ‘1’ may exist at a pressure greater than ambient pressure surrounding ‘1’, however less than the hydrostatic pressure of the second storage reservoir (‘2’). Alternatively, or additionally, ‘1’ may exist at a pressure less than ambient pressure surrounding ‘1’, which may be less than the hydrostatic pressure of the second storage reservoir (‘2’). In FIG. 30, the process may be undergoing ‘charging’. During charging, low density liquid may be pumped from ‘1’ using a pump (‘3’) to ‘2’. ‘2’ may be located beneath the surface of a body of liquid with greater density than the low density liquid and/or may exist at a greater hydrostatic pressure than ‘1’. If ‘1’ comprises a contractable or collapsible tank, the total volume occupied by the tank or total volume of liquid in the tank may decrease during ‘charging’. 2 ‘2’ or the second storage reservoir may comprise a tank or reservoir storing a relatively low density liquid at a greater hydrostatic pressure than the first storage region, ‘1’. ‘2’ may exist at a pressure at or near the ambient pressure surrounding ‘2’. Alternatively, or additionally, ‘2’ may exist at a pressure greater than ambient pressure surrounding ‘2’ and / or greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the ‘1’. Alternatively, or additionally, ‘2’ may exist at a pressure less than ambient pressure surrounding ‘2’, which may be greater than the hydrostatic pressure of ‘1’. In FIG. 30, the process may be undergoing ‘charging’. During charging, low density liquid may be pumped from ‘1’ using a pump (‘3’) to ‘2’. ‘2’ may be located beneath the surface of a body of liquid with greater density than the low density liquid and/or may exist at a greater hydrostatic pressure than ‘1’. If ‘2’ comprises a contractable or collapsible tank, the total volume occupied by the tank or total volume of liquid in the tank may increase during ‘charging’. 3 ‘3’ may comprise a pump and / or generator. ‘3’ may be employed to pump low density liquid from ‘1’ to ‘2’. ‘3’ may comprise a pump, which may be reversibly employed as a generator. ‘3’ may comprise a pump separate from a generator. ‘3 may comprise multiple pumps and generators or reversible pump/generators. ‘3’ may act as a valve which separates relatively high pressure low density liquid in the pipe ‘Line/Arrow Between ‘2’ and ‘3’’ from the relatively low pressure low density liquid in the pipe ‘Line/Arrow Between ‘1’ and ‘3’’. In FIG. 30, ‘3’ may be pumping low density liquid from ‘1’ to ‘2’, which may comprise charging the energy storage device. Electricity ‘Electricity’ may comprise a source of electricity or an application requiring electricity or both. ‘Electricity’ may encompass transmission equipment and / or electricity grid infrastructure and / or applications generating or using electricity. In FIG. 30, ‘Electricity’ may involve supplying electricity to ‘3’ to power the pumping of low density liquid from reservoir ‘1’ to reservoir ‘2’. Line/Arrow Between The present diagram element may comprise a means for ‘1’ and ‘3’ transferring low density liquid from ‘1’ to ‘3’. For example, the present diagram element may comprise a pipe or set of pipes. Said pipe may be compatible with the low density liquid. Line/Arrow Between The present diagram element may comprise a means for ‘3’ and ‘2’ transferring low density liquid from ‘3’ to ‘2’. For example, the present diagram element may comprise a pipe or pipes. The present diagram element may involve a pipe which experiences a pressure difference between internal liquid contents and liquid surrounding the pipe. Said pressure difference may vary depending on the depth of the section of pipe beneath the surface of the water body, the depth of reservoir ‘2’ compared to reservoir ‘1’ or to ‘3’, the hydrostatic pressure difference between reservoir ‘1’ and reservoir ‘2’, and/or the density of the low density liquid and/or the density of the liquid surrounding the section of pipe. In FIG. 30, the present diagram element may involve transferring low density liquid from ‘3’ to reservoir ‘2’. Land ‘Land’ may comprise a solid structure or surface or earth which ‘1’ and / or ‘3’ are situated in FIG. 30. The weight of ‘1’ and / or ‘3’ may be supported by said land in FIG. 30. Water ‘Water’ may comprise the body of liquid in which reservoir ‘2’ is submerged.

FIG. 31 Diagram Element Description 1 ‘1’ or the first storage reservoir, may comprise a tank or reservoir storing a relatively low density liquid at a lesser hydrostatic pressure than the second storage region, ‘2’. ‘1’ may exist at a pressure at or near the ambient pressure surrounding ‘1’. Alternatively, or additionally, ‘1’ may exist at a pressure greater than ambient pressure surrounding ‘1’, however less than the hydrostatic pressure of the second storage reservoir (‘2’). Alternatively, or additionally, ‘1’ may exist at a pressure less than ambient pressure surrounding ‘1’, which may be less than the hydrostatic pressure of the second storage reservoir (‘2’). In FIG. 31, the process may be undergoing ‘discharging’. During discharging, low density liquid may be released from ‘2’ to ‘1’, generating electricity by powering generator ‘3’. ‘2’ may be located beneath the surface of a body of liquid with greater density than the low density liquid and/or may exist at a greater hydrostatic pressure than ‘1’. If ‘1’ comprises a contractable or collapsible tank, the total volume occupied by the tank or total volume of liquid in the tank may increase during ‘discharging’. 2 ‘2’ or the second storage reservoir may comprise a tank or reservoir storing a relatively low density liquid at a greater hydrostatic pressure than the first storage region, ‘1’. ‘2’ may exist at a pressure at or near the ambient pressure surrounding ‘2’. Alternatively, or additionally, ‘2’ may exist at a pressure greater than ambient pressure surrounding ‘2’ and / or greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the ‘1’. Alternatively, or additionally, ‘2’ may exist at a pressure less than ambient pressure surrounding ‘2’, which may be greater than the hydrostatic pressure of ‘1’. In FIG. 31, the process may be undergoing ‘discharging’. During discharging, low density liquid may be released from ‘2’ to ‘1’, generating electricity by powering generator ‘3’. ‘2’ may be located beneath the surface of a body of liquid with greater density than the low density liquid and/or may exist at a greater hydrostatic pressure than ‘1’. If ‘2’ comprises a contractable or collapsible tank, the total volume occupied by the tank or total volume of liquid in the tank may decrease during ‘discharging’. 3 ‘3’ may comprise a pump and / or generator and / or valve. ‘3’ may be employed to generate power from low density liquid transferred from ‘2’ to ‘1’ during discharging. ‘3’ may be employed to pump low density liquid from ‘1’ to ‘2’ during charging. ‘3’ may comprise a pump, which may be reversibly employed as a generator. ‘3’ may comprise a pump separate from a generator. ‘3’ may comprise multiple pumps and generators or reversible pump/generators. ‘3’ may act as a valve which separates relatively high pressure low density liquid in the pipe ‘Line/Arrow Between ‘2’ and ‘3’’ from the relatively low pressure low density liquid in the pipe ‘Line/Arrow Between ‘1’ and ‘3’’. In FIG. 31, ‘3’ may be generating power from the release of low density liquid from ‘2’ to ‘1’, which may comprise discharging the energy storage device. Electricity ‘Electricity’ may comprise a source of electricity or an application requiring electricity or both. ‘Electricity’ may encompass transmission equipment and / or electricity grid infrastructure and / or applications generating or using electricity. In FIG. 31, ‘Electricity’ may comprise electricity generated by ‘3’ during discharging and / or the transmission and / or utilization of said electricity. Line/Arrow Between The present diagram element may comprise a means for ‘1’ and ‘3’ transferring low density liquid from ‘3’ to ‘1’. For example, the present diagram element may comprise a pipe or set of pipes. Said pipe may be compatible with the low density liquid. Line/Arrow Between The present diagram element may comprise a means for ‘3’ and ‘2’ transferring low density liquid from ‘2’ to ‘3’. For example, the present diagram element may comprise a pipe or pipes. The present diagram element may involve a pipe which experiences a pressure difference between internal liquid contents and liquid surrounding the pipe. Said pressure difference may vary depending on the depth of the section of pipe beneath the surface of the water body, the depth of reservoir ‘2’ compared to reservoir ‘1’ or to ‘3’, the hydrostatic pressure difference between reservoir ‘1’ and reservoir ‘2’, and/or the density of the low density liquid and/or the density of the liquid surrounding the section of pipe. In FIG. 31, the present diagram element may involve transferring low density liquid from ‘2’ to ‘3’. Land ‘Land’ may comprise a solid structure or surface or earth which ‘1’ and / or ‘3’ are situated in FIG. 31. The weight of ‘1’ and / or ‘3’ may be supported by said land in FIG. 31. Water ‘Water’ may comprise the body of liquid in which reservoir ‘2’ is submerged.

FIG. 32 Diagram Element Description 1 ‘1’ or the first storage reservoir, may comprise a tank or reservoir storing a relatively low density liquid at a lesser hydrostatic pressure than the second storage region, ‘2’. ‘1’ may exist at a pressure at or near the ambient pressure surrounding ‘1’. Alternatively, or additionally, ‘1’ may exist at a pressure greater than ambient pressure surrounding ‘1’, however less than the hydrostatic pressure of the second storage reservoir (‘2’). Alternatively, or additionally, ‘1’ may exist at a pressure less than ambient pressure surrounding ‘1’, which may be less than the hydrostatic pressure of the second storage reservoir (‘2’). In FIG. 32, the process may be undergoing ‘charging’. During charging, low density liquid may be pumped from ‘1’ to ‘2’, using pump ‘3’. ‘2’ may be located beneath the surface of a body of liquid with greater density than the low density liquid and/or may exist at a greater hydrostatic pressure than ‘1’. If ‘1’ comprises a contractable or collapsible tank, the total volume occupied by the tank or total volume of liquid in the tank may decrease during ‘charging’. 2 ‘2’ or the second storage reservoir may comprise a tank or reservoir storing a relatively low density liquid at a greater hydrostatic pressure than the first storage region, ‘1’. ‘2’ may exist at a pressure at or near the ambient pressure surrounding ‘2’. Alternatively, or additionally, ‘2’ may exist at a pressure greater than ambient pressure surrounding ‘2’ and/or greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the ‘1’. Alternatively, or additionally, ‘2’ may exist at a pressure less than ambient pressure surrounding ‘2’, which may be greater than the hydrostatic pressure of ‘1’. In FIG. 32, the process may be undergoing ‘charging’. During charging, low density liquid may be pumped from ‘1’ to ‘2’, using pump ‘3’. ‘2’ may be located beneath the surface of a body of liquid with greater density than the low density liquid and/or may exist at a greater hydrostatic pressure than ‘1’. If ‘2’ comprises a contractable or collapsible tank, the total volume occupied by the tank or total volume of liquid in the tank may increase during ‘charging’. 3 ‘3’ may comprise a pump and/or generator and/or valve. ‘3’ may be employed to generate power from low density liquid transferred from ‘2’ to ‘1’ during discharging. ‘3’ may be employed to pump low density liquid from ‘1’ to ‘2’ during charging. ‘3’ may comprise a pump, which may be reversibly employed as a generator. ‘3’ may comprise a pump separate from a generator. ‘3’ may comprise multiple pumps and generators or reversible pump/generators. ‘3’ may act as a valve which separates relatively high pressure low density liquid in the pipe ‘Line/Arrow Between ‘2’ and ‘3’’ from the relatively low pressure low density liquid in the pipe ‘Line/Arrow Between ‘1’ and ‘3’’. In FIG. 32, ‘3’ may be pumping low density liquid from ‘1’ to ‘2’, which may comprise charging the energy storage device. Electricity ‘Electricity’ may comprise a source of electricity or an application requiring electricity or both. ‘Electricity’ may encompass transmission equipment and/or electricity grid infrastructure and/ or applications generating or using electricity. In FIG. 32, ‘Electricity’ may comprise electricity consumed by ‘3’ (and stored by the energy storage device) during charging. In FIG. 32, electricity may be transferred using undersea cables or using underground cables or using subsea cables or using light, or using microwaves, or by oxidation of a fuel, or by reversible consumption of a fuel, or by discharging a transportable battery. Line/Arrow Between The present diagram element may comprise a means for ‘1’ and ‘3’ transferring low density liquid from ‘1’ to ‘3’. For example, the present diagram element may comprise a pipe or set of pipes. Said pipe may be compatible with the low density liquid. Line/Arrow Between The present diagram element may comprise a means for ‘3’ and ‘2’ transferring low density liquid from ‘3’ to ‘2’. For example, the present diagram element may comprise a pipe or pipes. The present diagram element may involve a pipe which experiences a pressure difference between internal liquid contents and liquid surrounding the pipe. Said pressure difference may vary depending on the depth of the section of pipe beneath the surface of the water body, the depth of reservoir ‘2’ compared to reservoir ‘1’ or to ‘3’, the hydrostatic pressure difference between reservoir ‘1’ and reservoir ‘2’, and/or the density of the low density liquid and/or the density of the liquid surrounding the section of pipe. In FIG. 32, the present diagram element may involve transferring low density liquid from ‘3’ to ‘2’. Water ‘Water’ may comprise the body of liquid which ‘1’, ‘2’, and/or ‘3’ are situated and/or submerged in FIG. 32.

FIG. 33 Diagram Element Description 1 ‘1’ or the first storage reservoir, may comprise a tank or reservoir storing a relatively low density liquid at a lesser hydrostatic pressure than the second storage region, ‘2’. ‘1’ may exist at a pressure at or near the ambient pressure surrounding ‘1’. Alternatively, or additionally, ‘1’ may exist at a pressure greater than ambient pressure surrounding ‘1’, however less than the hydrostatic pressure of the second storage reservoir (‘2’). Alternatively, or additionally, ‘1’ may exist at a pressure less than ambient pressure surrounding ‘1’, which may be less than the hydrostatic pressure of the second storage reservoir (‘2’). In FIG. 33, the process may be undergoing ‘discharging’. During discharging, low density liquid may be released from ‘2’ to ‘1’, generating electricity by powering generator ‘3’. ‘2’ may be located beneath the surface of a body of liquid with greater density than the low density liquid and/or may exist at a greater hydrostatic pressure than ‘1’. If ‘1’ comprises a contractable or collapsible tank, the total volume occupied by the tank or total volume of liquid in the tank may increase during ‘discharging’. 2 ‘2’ or the second storage reservoir may comprise a tank or reservoir storing a relatively low density liquid at a greater hydrostatic pressure than the first storage region, ‘1’. ‘2’ may exist at a pressure at or near the ambient pressure surrounding ‘2’. Alternatively, or additionally, ‘2’ may exist at a pressure greater than ambient pressure surrounding ‘2’ and/or greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the ‘1’. Alternatively, or additionally, ‘2’ may exist at a pressure less than ambient pressure surrounding ‘2’, which may be greater than the hydrostatic pressure of ‘1’. In FIG. 33, the process may be undergoing ‘discharging’. During discharging, low density liquid may be released from ‘2’ to ‘1’, generating electricity by powering generator ‘3’. ‘2’ may be located beneath the surface of a body of liquid with greater density than the low density liquid and/or may exist at a greater hydrostatic pressure than ‘1’. If ‘2’ comprises a contractable or collapsible tank, the total volume occupied by the tank or total volume of liquid in the tank may decrease during ‘discharging’. 3 ‘3’ may comprise a pump and/or generator and/or valve. ‘3’ may be employed to generate power from low density liquid transferred from ‘2’ to ‘1’ during discharging. ‘3’ may be employed to pump low density liquid from ‘1’ to ‘2’ during charging. ‘3’ may comprise a pump, which may be reversibly employed as a generator. ‘3’ may comprise a pump separate from a generator. ‘3’ may comprise multiple pumps and generators or reversible pump/generators. ‘3’ may act as a valve which separates relatively high pressure low density liquid in the pipe ‘Line/Arrow Between ‘2’ and ‘3’’ from the relatively low pressure low density liquid in the pipe ‘Line/Arrow Between ‘1’ and ‘3’’. In FIG. 33, ‘3’ may be generating power from the release of low density liquid from ‘2’ to ‘1’, which may comprise discharging the energy storage device. Electricity ‘Electricity’ may comprise a source of electricity or an application requiring electricity or both. ‘Electricity’ may encompass transmission equipment and/or electricity grid infrastructure and/ or applications generating or using electricity. In FIG. 33, ‘Electricity’ may comprise electricity generated by ‘3’ during discharging and/or the transmission and/or utilization of said electricity. In FIG. 33, electricity may be transferred using undersea cables or using underground cables or using subsea cables or using light, or using microwaves, or by conversion into a fuel, or by reversible production of a fuels, or by charging a transportable battery, or may be used by a nearby application, or may be used by an application on land, or may be used by an application on the body of water, or a combination thereof. Line/Arrow Between The present diagram element may comprise a means for ‘1’ and ‘3’ transferring low density liquid from ‘3’ to ‘1’. For example, the present diagram element may comprise a pipe or set of pipes. Said pipe may be compatible with the low density liquid. Line/Arrow Between The present diagram element may comprise a means for ‘3’ and ‘2’ transferring low density liquid from ‘2’ to ‘3’. For example, the present diagram element may comprise a pipe or pipes. The present diagram element may involve a pipe which experiences a pressure difference between internal liquid contents and liquid surrounding the pipe. Said pressure difference may vary depending on the depth of the section of pipe beneath the surface of the water body, the depth of reservoir ‘2’ compared to reservoir ‘1’ or to ‘3’, the hydrostatic pressure difference between reservoir ‘1’ and reservoir ‘2’, and/or the density of the low density liquid and/or the density of the liquid surrounding the section of pipe. In FIG. 33, the present diagram element may involve transferring low density liquid from ‘2’ to ‘3’. Water ‘Water’ may comprise the body of liquid which ‘1’, ‘2’, and/or ‘3’ are situated and/or submerged in FIG. 33. T

Example Step-by-Step Description

Charging: Low density liquid is pumped from reservoir ‘1’ to reservoir ‘2’ using pump ‘3’. Power is stored in the gravitational potential energy and/or hydrostatic pressure difference of the low density liquid stored at reservoir ‘2’ relative to reservoir ‘1’.

Discharging: Low density liquid is released from reservoir ‘2’ and transferred to reservoir ‘1’, generating electricity using generator ‘3’. Power is generated by releasing energy stored in the gravitational potential energy and/or hydrostatic pressure difference of the low density liquid stored at reservoir ‘2’ relative to reservoir ‘1’.

Example Calculations

The below table shows key metrics on the energy density and cost of the butane in the present gravitational potential energy storage device. Cost figures employ an example butane commodity price of $0.60 USD per gallon.

Difference in Ocean Water Cost of Depth between Wh per Tons of Tons of Tons of Butane Reservoir 1 liter of kWh per m³ Butane Butane per Butane per kWh and 2 (m) Butane of Butane per kWh MWh per GWh (USD) 100 125.7667 0.125766667 4.556056 4556.056 4556056 722.15 200 251.5333 0.251533333 2.278028 2278.028 2278028 361.075 300 377.3 0.3773 1.518685 1518.685 1518685 240.7167 400 503.0667 0.503066667 1.139014 1139.014 1139014 180.5375 500 628.8333 0.628833333 0.911211 911.2112 911211.2 144.43 600 754.6 0.7546 0.759343 759.3427 759342.7 120.3583 700 880.3667 0.880366667 0.650865 650.8652 650865.2 103.1643 800 1006.133 1.006133333 0.569507 569.507 569507 90.26875 900 1131.9 1.1319 0.506228 506.2285 506228.5 80.23889 1000 1257.667 1.257666667 0.455606 455.6056 455605.6 72.215 1500 1886.5 1.8865 0.303737 303.7371 303737.1 48.14333 2000 2515.333 2.515333333 0.227803 227.8028 227802.8 36.1075 2500 3144.167 3.144166667 0.182242 182.2422 182242.2 28.886 3000 3773 3.773 0.151869 151.8685 151868.5 24.07167 3500 4401.833 4.401833333 0.130173 130.173 130173 20.63286 4000 5030.667 5.030666667 0.113901 113.9014 113901.4 18.05375 4500 5659.5 5.6595 0.101246 101.2457 101245.7 16.04778 5000 6288.333 6.288333333 0.091121 91.12112 91121.12 14.443

Notes

Note: Electricity may be transferred from or to an electricity grid or application requiring or supply electricity.

Note: Electricity may be transferred using, for example, undersea or underground or above ground or a combination thereof power lines.

Note: The lines/arrows between ‘1’ and ‘3’ and ‘3’ and ‘2’ may represent the transfer of low density liquid between these process elements. Liquid may be transferred using, for example, pipes or transport vehicles. If liquid is transferred using pipes, it may be desirable for said pipe to be, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: located on the surface of the ground, or suspended above the surface of the ground, or located beneath the ground, or comprise a subsurface pipeline, or comprise an underground pipeline, or comprise a pipeline beneath water and above ground, or comprise a pipeline beneath ground and beneath water, or comprise a pipeline above water and above ground.

Note: Expandable or collapsible reservoir may comprise a liquid storage vessel which can expand or contract in volume to allow for the storage of more or less liquid, respectively. The pressure inside said reservoir may be close to or equal to the pressure surround said reservoir. Said reservoirs may include, but is not limited to, expandable or collapsible liquid storage devices, which may include, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: pillow tanks, or onion tanks, or balloon tanks, or bag tanks, fabric tanks, or bladder tanks, or folding tanks, or flexible tanks, or bellows tanks, or accordion tanks, or liner tanks.

Note: The present invention may comprise a LPG storage facility, or an oil storage facility, or a strategic LPG reserve, or a strategic oil reserve.

Note: The present invention may be employed to store a fuel or commodity chemical, while simultaneously employing said fuel or other commodity chemical as an gravitational electricity storage medium. This may enable the owner or operator of the facility to have an additional source of revenue (the storage or release of electricity), in addition to revenue from the storage of the fuel or other commodity chemical. By employing the present invention as a storage facility, instead of purchasing or leasing the low density liquid, the facility owner may be paid storage fees to store the low density liquid, which may further improve economics of the facility. A proportion of the low density liquid storage in the facility may be available for ‘commodity storage’ while a proportion of the low density liquid storage in the facility may be intended for permanent or semi-permanent storage. The proportion of low density liquid storage available for ‘commodity storage’ relative to the proportion of low density liquid storage intended to be permanently or semi-permanently in the facility may vary by facility and may be dependent on multiple economic factors and the priorities of the facility.

Note: ‘Commodity storage’ may comprise flexible or semi-flexible storage may comprise a portion of the storage facility's low density liquid in storage which may be removed or added on a regular basis for market needs, such as commodity traders or other entities involved with the commodity market. If desired, the proportional low density liquid storage capacity devoted to ‘commodity storage’ may comprise the proportion of low density liquid which can be added or removed without substantially impacting the performance or capacity or capabilities of the electricity storage. The threshold of said ‘substantially impacting’ may vary by facility based on economic factors and facility priorities. ‘Semi-permanent storage’ may comprise long term storage or storage which may be utilized in periodic or very rare instances. For example, applications for semi-permanent storage may include, but are not limited to, storage for a commodity asset backed fund, storage for a commodity asset backed ETF or ETN, or storage for a strategic reserve. Permanent storage may involve low density liquid which is intended to remain in the facility and/or may be necessary for the proper operation of the facility.

Note: Stored low density liquid may be employed as a stored asset or physical asset backing a commodity tracking ETF or other fund. The low density liquid storage facility owner or operator may generate revenue from the electricity markets as an energy storage service, as well as generate revenue from the management fees generated by the ETF for storing the low density liquid backing the ETF. The ability to have these two revenue streams may enable the facility owner or operator to generate more revenue from the facility, or may enable lower CAPEX of the facility, or may enable lower management fees for the ETF, or a combination thereof. To ensure the assets backing the ETF or ETN are sufficiently readily available or transferrable, a portion of the low density liquid may be always stored in storage reservoir ‘1’ to satisfy short term needs of low density liquid.

Note: The temperature of water in the ocean beneath a certain depth may be relatively stable. Liquid in storage reservoir ‘2’ be cooled or heated by the surrounding ocean water temperatures, depending on the ambient temperature conditions surrounding reservoir ‘1’ and the ambient conditions surrounding reservoir ‘2’. For example, the ambient conditions surround reservoir ‘2’ may be colder than the ambient conditions surrounding reservoir ‘1’. In said example, the relatively cool temperatures of liquid transferred from reservoir ‘2’ to reservoir ‘1’ may be harnessed to supply cooling to one or more applications requiring cooling. An example application requiring cooling may be the pump or generator ‘3’. For example, the ambient conditions surround reservoir ‘2’ may be warmer than the ambient conditions surrounding reservoir ‘1’. In said example, the relatively warm temperatures of liquid transferred from reservoir ‘2’ to reservoir ‘1’ may be harnessed to supply heating or enthalpy to one or more applications requiring heating or enthalpy. Said certain depth may comprise less than, greater than or equal to, one or more or a combination of the following: 300 meters, or 400 meters, or 500 meters, or 600 meters, or 700 meters, or 800 meters, or 900 meters, or 1,000 meters, or 1,100 meters, or 1,200 meters, or 1,300 meters, or 1,400 meters, or 1,500 meters, or 1,750 meters, or 2,000 meters.

Note: Due to the low density liquid being a liquid and liquids being essentially incompressible compared to gases, the round trip efficiency of the present pressure and/or gravitational energy storage device may possess a significantly greater round trip efficiency relative to energy storage devices which employ pressurized gases. For example, the round trip efficiency of the present invention may be greater than or equal to 40%, or 50%, or 60%, or 70%, or 75%, or 80%, or 85%, or 90% or 95%.

Note: The low density liquid may possess a low viscosity, for example, a viscosity near, equal to, or less than water. For example, butane possesses a dynamic viscosity of −0.2 cP at 1° C., compared to a dynamic viscosity of 1.73 cP at 1° C. for water. Other low density liquids other than or in addition to butane may possess a lesser viscosity than water. Low viscosity may be advantageous, for example, because lower viscosity liquids may enable smaller pipe diameter, lower CAPEX, lower pumping energy losses, greater round-trip efficiency, and greater distances between reservoir ‘1’ and reservoir ‘2’.

Note: Compatibility with low density liquid, compatibility with water or ocean water, biofouling, compatibility with pressure. For pipes transferring low density liquid, the pressure difference between the low density liquid inside the pipe and the water surrounding the pipe increases with decreasing depth beneath the surface of the water. To, for example, minimize CAPEX, the pressure rating of the pipe may increase with greater pressure difference. For example, pipe near reservoir ‘2’ may possess lower pressure rating (and/or may be lower cost) and pipe near reservoir ‘1’ may possess greater pressure rating (and/or may be greater cost).

Note: Reservoir ‘2’ and/or reservoir ‘1’ may be anchored or connected or fixed or tethered to the land on the bottom of the body of liquid (e.g. body of water).

Note: Storage reservoirs or tanks may include, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: a pillow tank, or an onion tank, or a balloon tank, or a bag tank, or a fabric tank, or a bladder tank, or a folding tank, or a flexible tank, or a bellows tank, or an accordion tank, or a liner tank, or a rigid tank, or a piston tank, or an actuator tank, or a valve tank, or a basin tank, or a cement tank, or a wood tank, or a plastic tank, or a ceramic tank, or a fiber tank, or a composite tank, or a rubber tank, or a flexible tank.

Note: Pipe materials may include, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: plastic pipes, composite pipes, metallic pipes, fiber pipes, resin pipes, wood pipes, cement pipes, flexible pipes, rubber pipes, rigid pipes.

Note: It may be desirable to attach the first and/or second reservoirs to higher density materials to reduce the buoyance of the reservoirs. In the case of the first reservoir, the distance between the reservoir and land at the bottom of a water body be substantial enough to justify the attachment of higher density materials to the first reservoir to reduce the cost of tethering cables. Tethering cables may be employed to counteract the buoyancy of a reservoir and/or to ensure the reservoir is in an appropriate location relative to the other reservoir(s). In some embodiments, the distance between the first reservoir and land at the bottom of a water body may be sufficiently substantial the attachment of higher density materials to the first reservoir costs less than the cost reduction in the of tethering cables.

Note: In some embodiments, the location of the first reservoir may be maintained using a dynamic positioning system. A dynamic positioning system may employ various sensors, or GPS, or radar, or other positioning instruments to inform an operating system of changes in the current position and/or changes in position of the first reservoir and/or external thrust vectors, such as currents. If the position changes of the first reservoir changes and/or if a thrust vector is detected, aquatic or marine engines may be employed to counteract said external thrust vectors and/or changes in position to ensure the first reservoir maintains a desirable position. If desirable, the higher density material attachments to the first reservoir may make the first reservoir at a similar density or neutral density relative to the surrounding water body. If desirably the first reservoir may employ mechanisms to dynamically adjust its density, using, for example, the addition of higher density material, the addition of lower density material (for example: low density liquid or a gas, such as air), the release of higher density material, or the release of lower density material). Said mechanism(s) to dynamically adjust density may also be incorporated within a dynamic positioning system. A dynamic positioning system may also be employed in the second reservoir.

Note: Collapsible or contractable may involve a structure or vessel or tank which can decrease in occupied volume or storage capacity reversibly.

Note: Expandable may involve a structure or vessel or tank which can increase in occupied volume or storage capacity reversibly.

Note: Lower density liquid may be soluble or partially soluble in the higher density liquid. Advantageously, the lower density liquid may be separate from the higher density liquid with a physical barrier, which may prevent the dissolution of lower density liquid in higher density liquid. For example, said physical barrier may involve a storage tank liner or walls or pipes or a combination thereof.

Note: In some instances, low density liquids or liquids with a density less than water may have a boiling point near or less than the outside air or water temperature and/or may possess a large vapor pressure at the temperature of the outside air or water. In said instances, it may be desirable for the first reservoir to be a pressurized or rigid tank. For example, a pressurized or rigid storage tank may enable low density liquid to remain at a liquid phase while being at a temperature above the low density liquid's atmospheric pressure boiling point. In said instances wherein a rigid or pressurized tank is employed at the first storage reservoir, when liquid, such as low density liquid, is removed from the first storage reservoir, the total volume of the rigid or pressurized tank may remain the same. A volume in the tank formerly occupied by liquid phase low density liquid may instead be occupied by gas phase low density liquid. Said gas phase low density liquid may exist in the head space above liquid phase inside the tank, such as liquid phase low density liquid. When liquid, such as low density liquid, is added to the first storage reservoir, the total volume of the rigid or pressurized tank may remain the same. A volume in the tank formerly occupied by gas phase low density liquid may instead be occupied by liquid phase low density liquid. Example low density liquids which may be applicable may include, but not limited to, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), or propane, or butane, or diethyl ether, or dimethyl ether, or methoxypropane, or methanol, or acetone, or pentane, or hexane, or petroleum ether, or methoxyethane, or liquid natural gas (LNG), or gasoline, or Diisopropyl ether, or alkanes, or alkenes, or alkynes, or cycloalkanes, or a combination thereof

-   -   Note: The present invention may employ devices for leak         detection and/or leak prevention. Additionally, the present         invention may employ methods to minimize losses or damage caused         by a leak. For example, a containment mechanism, such as, for         example, including but not limited to, a liner, or blanket, or         tarp, or fabric, or funnel, or float, or other containment         mechanism, or a combination thereof, may be placed above or         suspended above the second reservoir and/or pipes and/or pipe         connections. In the event of a leak, low density liquid may rise         from the leak and may be captured or caught by said containment         mechanism. Said containment mechanism may be effective because         low density liquid may tend to float and said containment         mechanism may cover a portion or the entire surface area of the         second reservoir and/or pipes and/or pipe connections above said         second reservoir and/or pipes and/or pipe connections. Low         density liquid captured by said containment mechanism may be, if         desirable, funneled within said containment mechanism and, if         desirable, may be transferred to the surface using a return         pipe, where the low density liquid may be recovered. The contact         of low density liquid with a portion of the containment vessel         or pipe may trigger a sensor or sensors which alert system         operators of the need to fix a leak. For example, the said         sensor may involve a mechanism for measuring the increased         buoyancy of the containment mechanism due to the capturing or         containment of leaked low density liquid. For example, said         sensor may involve a mechanism for measuring the flow rate of         liquid in said return pipe, wherein the presence of at least a         certain liquid flow rate may indicate the presence of a low         density liquid leak. For example, said sensor may involve a         mechanism for detecting low density liquid using spectroscopy or         measurements of density or molecular weight or a combination         thereof. For example, said sensor may involve measuring the         change in mass or pressure or volume in a container connected to         said return pipe. For example, said sensor may involve measuring         changes in mass or capacity in the first or second reservoir,         which may include changes in said mass or energy storage         capacity when the process is at a steady state or unexplained         changes in mass or energy storage capacity. A first reservoir         may employ said containment mechanisms and/or sensors. For         example, a first reservoir and/or pump and/or generator may         employ said containment mechanisms and/or sensors if, for         example, a first reservoir and/or pump and/or generator is         located beneath the surface of a water body.     -   Note: Low density liquid or pipes or vessels or reservoirs or a         combination thereof may contain a medium which reacts in the         event of or at the site of a leak. For example, a material in         the walls of a pipe or vessel or reservoir may react with low         density liquid if low density liquid begins to leak. Said         reaction may inhibit or block or prevent a leak. Said reaction         may involve, including, but not limited to one or more or a         combination of the following: an absorption reaction, or a         swelling reaction, or a foaming reaction, or an expansion         reaction, a reaction to form a solid, a reaction to form a         viscous liquid, or a combination thereof. Alternatively, or         additionally, the low density liquid or walls of pipes or         vessels or reservoirs or a combination thereof may contain a         reagent which reacts with water or air or salt in water upon         exposure to water or air. Said reaction may inhibit or block or         prevent a leak. Said reaction may involve, including, but not         limited to one or more or a combination of the following: an         absorption reaction, or a swelling reaction, or a foaming         reaction, or an expansion reaction, a reaction to form a solid,         a reaction to form a viscous liquid, or a combination thereof.         Said reaction may involve forming a material which is more         easily or readily captured, or a material which is more         environmentally friendly, or a material which may inhibit         further leakage, or a material which may simplify or facilitate         the process of leakage detection, or a material which may reduce         the cost or damage associated with a leakage. For example, said         reaction may involve forming a liquid of a certain color or said         reaction may involve a tracing reagent.     -   Note: Low density liquid or pipes or vessels or reservoir or a         combination thereof may contain a tracing chemical or reagent         which may facilitate leak detection. For example, parts or         components of pipes or vessels or reservoir may contain a         material, which, when exposed to water, or salt water, or low         density liquid, or air, or a combination thereof, may change one         or more properties to facilitate detection of leaks or wear or         other forms of damage or exposure. For example, said properties         may include, but are not limited to, color, electrical         conductivity, electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity,         surface texture, surface morphology, absorbance spectra,         vibration frequency, flexibility, temperature, density,         rigidity, or a combination thereof.     -   Note: The temperature beneath a water body and the temperature         above a water body may be different. Additionally, water bodies         themselves may possess a range of different temperatures, which         may correlate with depth. The temperature of a water body         relative to its depth may be known as a water body thermocline.         In ultra-deep water bodies, such as an ocean or lake, the         temperature of a water body below about 1000 meters or about         1250 meters or about 1500 meters ranges from about 3 to 8° C.         because water is generally most dense at about 4° C. For         example, in the ocean, the temperature of the water below 1500         meters is generally near 4° C., even if the temperature of the         water at the ocean surface is warm, such as, for example,         greater than 15° C. or greater than 20° C. In the present         invention, the second reservoir may be located at a different         depth than the first reservoir. The temperature of the water         surrounding the second reservoir may be relatively constant or         stable, if, for example, the second reservoir is located at a         depth beneath a water body of greater than 100 meters, or 200         meters, or 300 meters, or 500 meters, or 700 meters, or 900         meters, or 1000 meters, or 1250 meters, or 1500 meters. The         temperature of the air or water adjacent to or surrounding the         first reservoir may be different from the temperature off the         water surrounding the second reservoir. The temperature         difference between the second reservoir and the first reservoir         may be beneficially utilized or harnessed. For example, if the         temperature of the second reservoir is less than the first         reservoir or the temperature of things adjacent to the first         reservoir, power may be generated from the difference in         temperature between liquid returning from the second reservoir         and the surrounding ambient temperature near the first reservoir         or the temperature inside the first reservoir or another heat         source or thermal source or enthalpy source. For example, if the         temperature of the second reservoir is greater than the first         reservoir or the temperature of things adjacent to the first         reservoir, power may be generated from the difference in         temperature between liquid returning from the second reservoir         and the surrounding ambient temperature near the first reservoir         or the temperature inside the first reservoir or another cold         source or heat sink or enthalpy sink. For example, if the         temperature of the second reservoir is less than the first         reservoir or the temperature of things adjacent to the first         reservoir, liquid from the second reservoir may be employed as a         cooling medium or cooling source or for district cooling to         provide valuable or useful cooling to one or more applications         requiring cooling. For example, if the temperature of the second         reservoir is greater than the first reservoir or the temperature         of things adjacent to the first reservoir, liquid from the         second reservoir may be employed as a heating medium or heat         source or for district heating to provide valuable or useful         heating to one or more applications requiring heating. For         example, if the temperature of the second reservoir is less than         the first reservoir or the temperature of things adjacent to the         first reservoir, liquid from the second reservoir may be         employed as a cooling source to power or facilitate a         desalination process or a process for removing water from gas         streams or air. For example, if the temperature of the second         reservoir is less than the first reservoir or the temperature of         things adjacent to the first reservoir, it may be desirable to         insulate said first reservoir or one or more pipes. Said         insulation may enable the first reservoir to remain at a cooler         temperature, which may be advantageous, for example, if the low         density liquid has a low boiling point or is volatile and         minimizing temperature in the first reservoir minimizes pressure         in the first reservoir. Said insulation may also prevent the         formation of condensation on a tank.     -   Note: The present invention may also be employed as a means for         ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC).     -   Note: If desirable, one or more components of the present         invention may be heated or cooled or temperature controlled or a         combination thereof     -   Note: Low density liquid may possess a freezing point less than         water, which may be advantageously utilized. For example, the         first reservoir may be employed as a cold or thermal storage         unit, for, for example, providing cooling for a refrigerated or         frozen storage facility. Said cold storage may be employed, for         example, to optimize energy consumption or for grid load         shifting or load curtailment. For example, the first reservoir         may be employed as a cryogenic cold storage or thermal storage         unit. Alternatively or additionally, cool low density liquid may         be employed as a low temperature heat transfer fluid and/or as a         low temperature thermal storage medium. For example, low density         liquid may be employed in applications which require cooling,         which may include, but are not limited to, one or more or a         combination of the following: district cooling, or cooling for a         desalination facility, or cooling for a power plant, or cooling         for an air separation unit, or cooling for a liquification         facility, or cooling for a HVAC system. For example, LNG         gasification facilities may produce significant waste cooling.         LNG gasification facilities may employ low density liquid in or         from said first reservoir as a heat source or enthalpy source,         cooling said low density liquid in the process. Due to its         potentially lower freezing point, low density liquid may be         cooled to a lower temperature than water while remaining at a         liquid phase, enabling heat transfer or large scale thermal         storage or both at temperatures near, at, or below the freezing         point of water. Additionally, because the first reservoir is         interconnected to the second reservoir and the second reservoir         may be located at a relatively consistent ‘cold’ temperature,         ‘warm’ low density liquid may be near 4° C. or otherwise below         ambient temperature. Advantageously, because ‘warm’ low density         liquid may be significantly less than ambient temperatures, more         energy may be recovered from ‘cold sources’ than if said low         density liquid was near or at ambient temperatures.     -   Note: Low density liquid or high density liquid or both may be         employed as a heat transfer fluid, or as a thermal storage         fluid, or may be employed in ocean thermal energy conversion.

EXAMPLE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

1. A system for storing or generating electricity comprising: a first storage reservoir configured to be near the surface of a body of water and configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water; a second storage reservoir configured to be located below the surface of the body of water; a pump; and a generator; wherein the pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected such that electricity is stored by displacing water adjacent the second storage reservoir by pumping low density fluid in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir and electricity is generated or discharged by allowing the low density fluid in the second storage reservoir to return to the first storage reservoir; and, wherein the water and the fluid which has a lower density than water are both in liquid form. 2. The system of Embodiment 1 wherein said second storage reservoir is expandable, contractible, or collapsible. 3. The system of Embodiment 1 wherein said second storage reservoir is a pillow tank, an onion tank, a balloon tank, a bag tank, a fabric tank, a bladder tank, a folding tank, a flexible tank, a bellows tank, an accordion tank, or a liner tank. 4. The system of Embodiment 1 wherein said second storage reservoir comprises a concave region with an opening near the bottom of said concave region wherein said opening is open to the body of water. 5. A system for storing or generating electricity comprising: a first storage reservoir configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water; a second storage reservoir configured to be located below a surface of a body of water wherein the second storage reservoir is at a greater depth beneath the surface of a water body than the first storage reservoir; a pump; and a generator; wherein the pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected such that (1) electricity is stored by pumping low density fluid in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir to displace water; or (2) electricity is generated or discharged by allowing low density fluid in the second storage reservoir to return to the first storage reservoir; or (3) both (1) and (2); wherein the water and the fluid which has a lower density than water are both in liquid form. 6. The system of Embodiment 5 wherein the displaced water is in the second storage reservoir. 7. The system of Embodiment 5 wherein the displaced water is water within the body of water and wherein the displaced water is adjacent the second storage reservoir. 8. The system of Embodiment 5 wherein the water pump and the generator are the same unit. 9. The system of Embodiment 5 wherein said first storage reservoir, said second storage reservoir, or both comprise an expandable or contractible or collapsible structure. 10. The system of Embodiment 5 wherein said first storage reservoir, said second storage reservoir, or both comprise a pillow tank, an onion tank, a balloon tank, a bag tank, a fabric tank, a bladder tank, a folding tank, a flexible tank, a bellows tank, an accordion tank, or a liner tank. 11. The system of Embodiment 5 wherein said second storage reservoir comprises a concave region with an opening near the bottom of said concave region open to the body of water. 12. The system of Embodiment 5 wherein said second storage reservoir is tethered to the bottom of said water body. 13. The system of Embodiment 5 wherein the fluid having a lower density than water comprises a hydrocarbon liquid. 14. The system of Embodiment 5 which further comprises a dynamic positioning system to maintain or adjust a position of the first reservoir, the second reservoir or both. 15. The system of Embodiment 5 further comprising an operative connection to an electricity grid or electricity transmission infrastructure. 16. The system of Embodiment 5 wherein said second storage reservoir is configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water. 17. The system of Embodiment 5 wherein said first and second reservoirs are connected by one or more pipes. 18. The system of Embodiment 5 wherein said pump and generator comprise a single unit. 19. The system of Embodiment 5 wherein said first reservoir is configured to be located beneath the surface of a water body. 20. The system of Embodiment 5 wherein the fluid having a lower density than water comprises propane, butane, LPG, pentane, hexane, or a mixture thereof. 21. The system of Embodiment 5 wherein the fluid having a lower density than water comprises an alcohol, an ether, an ester, or a mixture thereof. 22. The system of Embodiment 5 wherein the fluid having a lower density than water comprises methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetone, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, or a mixture thereof. 23. The system of Embodiment 9 wherein said second reservoir is configured to collapse or contract during discharge. 24. The system of Embodiment 26 wherein said collapsing or contracting is due to water adjacent said second reservoir displacing the fluid having a lower density than water. 25. The system of Embodiment 9 wherein said second reservoir expands during charging. 26. The system of Embodiment 25 wherein said expanding is due to the fluid having a lower density than water entering the second reservoir and displacing water adjacent said second reservoir. 27. The system of Embodiment 19 wherein said first reservoir is configured to be tethered to a bottom of the water body. 28. The system of Embodiment 19 wherein said first reservoir is configured to be attached to a material with a greater density than water to reduce buoyancy. 29. The system of Embodiment 19 wherein said first reservoir is configured to be attached to a material with a greater density than water, be neutrally buoyant, and wherein the first reservoir is configured such that its position is maintained or adjusted with a dynamic positioning system. 30. The system of Embodiment 5 wherein said second reservoir is attached to a material with a greater density than water to reduce buoyancy.

Summary of Additional Embodiment Relating to Liquid Displacement

The present invention pertains to systems and methods for storing or generating electricity. Some embodiments pertain to systems or methods for the storage of energy by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. Some embodiments relate to systems or methods for facilitating the storage or generation of electricity. Some embodiments relate to environmental, health, and safety mechanisms. Some embodiments related to systems and configurations to enable energy storage in particular geography types. Some embodiments related to systems and configurations to enable energy storage with low density liquid working fluids with various levels of volatility or vapor pressure. Some embodiments pertain to ensuring optimal energy storage performance.

Example Definitions

-   -   Condensable Gas: A chemical or mixture of chemicals which phase         transitions from a liquid to a gas or a gas to a liquid or both         reversibly or possesses a boiling point or a combination thereof         at the following conditions:         -   Vapor pressures less than 2.5 atm, or less than 5 atm, or             less than 10 atm, or less than 15 atm, or less than 20 atm         -   Vapor pressures greater than 0.1 atm, or greater than 0.2             atm, or greater than 0.3 atm, or greater than 0.4 atm, or             greater than 0.5 atm, or greater than 0.6 atm, or greater             than 0.7 atm, or greater than 0.8 atm, or greater than 0.9             atm, or greater than 1.0 atm         -   Temperature in the range of 230 Kelvin to 380 Kelvin     -   Partially Discharged or Partially Charged: A state where the         energy storage system contains stored energy, although the         stored energy is less than the energy storage system's full         capacity to store energy. For example, when a surface LDL         storage tank contains an amount of LDL greater than its minimum         capacity and less than its maximum capacity. For example, when         an underwater LDL storage tank contains an amount of LDL greater         than its minimum capacity and less than its maximum capacity.     -   Maximum Capacity: Maximum capacity may comprise the maximum         amount of HDL or water and/or the maximum amount of LDL or both         which can be stored in a given storage tank or in a region of         the energy storage device or in general. For example, the         maximum capacity of LDL in a subsea tank may comprise the         maximum amount of LDL which can be stored in a subsea tank         before the LDL is at risk of or may enter or enters a pipeline         designed for transferring water. For example, the maximum         capacity of HDL in a subsea tank may comprise the maximum amount         of water or HDL which can be stored in a subsea tank before the         HDL is at risk of or may enter or enters a pipeline designed for         transferring LDL. For example, the maximum capacity of LDL in a         subsea tank may comprise the maximum amount of LDL which can be         stored in a subsea tank before the LDL is at risk of or may         enter or enters a surface HDL or water tank. For example, the         maximum capacity of HDL in a subsea tank may comprise the         maximum amount of water or HDL which can be stored in a subsea         tank before the HDL is at risk of or may enter or enters a         surface LDL tank.     -   Minimum Capacity: Minimum capacity may comprise the minimum         amount of HDL or water and/or the maximum amount of LDL or both         which can be stored in a given storage tank or in a region of         the energy storage device or in general. For example, the         minimum capacity of a tank for LDL or HDL may comprise the tank         containing no or very little LDL or HDL. For example, the         minimum capacity of LDL in a subsea tank may comprise the         minimum amount of LDL which can be stored in a subsea tank         before the HDL is at risk of or may enter or enters a pipeline         designed for transferring LDL. For example, the minimum capacity         of HDL in a subsea tank may comprise the minimum amount of water         or HDL which can be stored in a subsea tank before the LDL is at         risk of or may enter or enters a pipeline designed for         transferring HDL. For example, the minimum capacity of LDL in a         subsea tank may comprise the minimum amount of LDL which can be         stored in a subsea tank before the HDL is at risk of or may         enter or enters a surface LDL tank. For example, the minimum         capacity of HDL in a subsea tank may comprise the minimum amount         of water or HDL which can be stored in a subsea tank before the         LDL is at risk of or may enter or enters a surface HDL or water         tank. The minimum volume or amount of LDL in the floating         underwater tank may comprise the minimum amount of LDL required         to ensure the floating underwater tank is buoyant.     -   A Pump and a Generator or A pump; and a generator: A pump and a         generator may comprise a combined pump/generator unit, which may         include, but is not limited to, a hydraulic power recovery         turbine (HPRT). Alternatively, or additionally, some embodiments         may employ a separate pump and a separate generator.     -   First Reservoir: The first reservoir comprises one or more or a         combination of tanks configured to store low density liquid and         may be located at an elevation higher or greater than a second         reservoir.     -   Second Reservoir: The second reservoir comprises one or more or         a combination of tanks configured to store low density liquid         and may be located at an elevation lower or less than the first         reservoir. The second reservoir may be configured to store both         low density liquid and water. The second reservoir may be         configured to store both low density liquid and water in a         manner which low density liquid and water exchange volume or         pressure, while preventing mixing or direct physical contact         between the water and the low density liquid.     -   Third Reservoir: The third reservoir may be interconnected to or         comprise the ocean. The third reservoir may comprise a water         tank or storage vessel. Said water tank or storage device may be         on the surface, or above water, or underwater, or a combination         thereof. An underwater water reservoir may comprise a tank or         storage vessel or reservoir or water body comprising water         interconnected to the second reservoir via a pipe. If desirable,         at least a portion of the water tank or storage vessel third         reservoir or water interconnected to the third reservoir may         possess similar pressures or equilibrium pressure with the         hydrostatic pressure of the ocean. If the density of the liquid         inside the third reservoir is the same as ocean water, the third         reservoir may be located at any elevation between the elevation         of the first storage reservoir and the second storage reservoir         or any elevation underwater.     -   Storage Vessel: A storage vessel or tank may comprise a barrier         to contain a material, such as a liquid, solid, or gas. A         storage vessel or tank may comprise various configurations or         materials, and may include, but is not limited to, storage tanks         or vessels employed for storing liquid or multiphase media or a         combination thereof known in the art.     -   Treated Ocean Water: Treated ocean water may comprise water or         aqueous solution origination from ocean water which is less         corrosive than ocean water, or possesses a lower dissolved         oxygen concentration than ocean water, or is less prone to the         formation of biofouling or scaling than ocean water, or a         combination thereof. It may be desirable for treated ocean water         to possess a similar density to ocean water.     -   Tether: A tether may comprise a cable or line or connector which         connects a floating or buoyant structure with another structure.         Said ‘another structure’ may comprise, including, but not         limited to: the seafloor or a mooring or a vessel or another         tank or an anchor, or a combination thereof.     -   Configured to Store a Fluid which has a Lower Density than Water         and Water: The present term may describe a reservoir or storage         which is designed for the storage of water and a lower density         liquid. The present term may include configuring storage which         prevents water and lower density liquid from reacting, or         dissolving, or forming a new phase. The present term may include         configuring storage which ensures water and lower density liquid         are physically separate while stored the same storage vessel.     -   Low Density Liquid: A liquid with a lower density than a higher         density liquid. A liquid with a lower density than the density         of water. A liquid with a lower density than liquid water at a         temperature greater than 3° C. and/or less than 50° C.     -   Substantial Low Density Liquid—Water Hydrates: “Substantial” may         mean an amount or location or combination thereof of Low Density         Liquid—Water Hydrates such that Low Density Liquid—Water         Hydrates interferes with or disrupts the operation of the energy         storage system.     -   Close to or About Equivalent to: ‘Close to or About Equivalent         to’ may represent a value which is within 10% of another value.     -   Sub-Tank: A sub-tank may comprise a tank within or located on         the inside of another tank or enclosed structure or concave         structure or a combination thereof.     -   Rigid Containment Structure: A rigid containment structure may         comprise an enclosure or cover which holds a sub-tank or one or         more other structures. A rigid containment structure may capture         or recover low density liquid and/or debris in the event of a         breach in a sub-tank or one or more other structures.     -   Mechanically Isolated: An underwater tank mechanically isolated         from ocean water surrounding or adjacent to it may involve a         tank in which contents inside the tank operate under pressures         isolated or independent from the pressure of the contents         surrounding the tank. A mechanically isolated tank may be a tank         which does not exchange pressure with fluids or materials         outside or surrounding the tank. For example, an underwater tank         may possess a pressure inside the tank which is different from         the pressure of the water surrounding the underwater tank—the         shape and/or volume of the tank may remain unchanged. In some         embodiments herein, the pressure inside an underwater tank may         be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of         water at the same depth as the tank, however the internal         contents of the tank may not be exchanging pressure with the         ocean water adjacent to or surrounding the tank. Achieving         similar pressures inside a tank as outside a tank without         exchanging pressure between the inside and outside of a tank may         involve one or more or a combination of engineering systems         and/or methods. For example, an engineered head space gas or         condensable head space gas may be engineered to have a vapor         pressure in the pressure range of the hydrostatic pressure of         ocean water at the same depth as tank at a temperature in the         range of the temperature inside the tank and/or the temperature         of water surrounding or adjacent to said tank. By achieving         similar pressures inside a tank as outside a tank without         exchanging pressure between the inside and outside of a tank, an         underwater tank or underwater rigid tank, for example, can be         made from less material or less expensive materials or a         combination thereof.     -   Breach: A breach may comprise a break or leak or disconnection         or accidental release which may result in the release of         internal liquids, which may include, but is not limited to, low         density liquid and/or water.

DETAILED FIGURE DESCRIPTIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 34: The present figure may show an energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping a low density liquid from a tank at a higher elevation to a tank at a lower elevation, displacing water in the tank at a lower elevation. The present figure may show the present embodiment charging or storing electricity. The tank with low density liquid at a higher elevation may comprise a first reservoir. The tank with low density liquid and water at a lower elevation may comprise a second reservoir. The tank with water at a higher elevation may comprise a third reservoir or surface water tank. The density of water in the surface water tank may be close to or equal to the density of the ocean water. The pressure inside the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean at the underwater depth of the second reservoir.

FIG. 35: The present figure may comprise the same embodiment as FIG. 34. The present figure may show the present embodiment at a nearly fully charged state.

FIG. 36: The present figure may comprise the same embodiment as FIG. 34. The present figure may show the present embodiment discharging or generating electricity.

FIG. 37: The present figure may comprise the same embodiment as FIG. 34. The present figure may show the present embodiment at a nearly fully discharged state.

FIG. 38: Figure key for FIGS. 34, 35, 36, and 37.

FIG. 39: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid from a first reservoir (“1”) near the surface into an underwater second reservoir (“2”), displacing ocean water surrounding said second reservoir. The present figure shows the energy storage system charging by pumping low density liquid from the first reservoir to a second reservoir, displacement water surrounding the second reservoir. The first reservoir (“1”) near the surface may be at an elevation greater than the elevation of the second reservoir (“2”). The first reservoir may be above water on land, or floating in the water, or underwater. In the present figure, the second reservoir is floating above the ocean floor. In the present figure, the second reservoir may be suspended above the ocean floor and may be buoyant. In the present figure, the second reservoir may be tethered to the ocean floor and/or anchored to the ocean bottom. In the present figure, the second reservoir may be surrounded by ocean water. The second reservoir may comprise a piston tank. The second reservoir may comprise an expandable or collapsible structure, such as an onion tank, or a bladder tank, or a pillow tank, or a storage bag. In the present figure, the internal pressure of the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of water in contact with the bottom of the second reservoir.

FIG. 40: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid from a first reservoir (“1”) near the surface into an underwater second reservoir (“2”), displacing ocean water surrounding said second reservoir. The present figure shows the energy storage system fully charged at a steady state. The first reservoir (“1”) near the surface may be at an elevation greater than the elevation of the second reservoir (“2”). The first reservoir may be above water on land, or floating in the water, or underwater. In the present figure, the second reservoir is floating above the ocean floor. In the present figure, the second reservoir may be suspended above the ocean floor and may be buoyant. In the present figure, the second reservoir may be tethered to the ocean floor and/or anchored to the ocean bottom. In the present figure, the second reservoir may be surrounded by ocean water. The second reservoir may comprise a piston tank. The second reservoir may comprise an expandable or collapsible structure, such as an onion tank, or a bladder tank, or a pillow tank, or a storage bag. In the present figure, the internal pressure of the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of water in contact with the bottom of the second reservoir.

FIG. 41: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid from a first reservoir (“1”) near the surface into an underwater second reservoir (“2”), displacing ocean water surrounding said second reservoir. The present figure shows the energy storage system discharging or generating electricity, wherein low density liquid inside the second reservoir is displaced by water surrounding the second reservoir (“2”) and transferred through a pipe, through a generator, generating electricity, and into the first reservoir (“1”). The first reservoir (“1”) near the surface may be at an elevation greater than the elevation of the second reservoir (“2”). The first reservoir may be above water on land, or floating in the water, or underwater. In the present figure, the second reservoir is floating above the ocean floor. In the present figure, the second reservoir may be suspended above the ocean floor and may be buoyant. In the present figure, the second reservoir may be tethered to the ocean floor and/or anchored to the ocean bottom. In the present figure, the second reservoir may be surrounded by ocean water. The second reservoir may comprise a piston tank. The second reservoir may comprise an expandable or collapsible structure, such as an onion tank, or a bladder tank, or a pillow tank, or a storage bag. In the present figure, the internal pressure of the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of water in contact with the bottom of the second reservoir.

FIG. 42: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid from a first reservoir (“1”) near the surface into an underwater second reservoir (“2”), displacing ocean water surrounding said second reservoir. The present figure shows the energy storage system at a fully discharged state. The first reservoir (“1”) near the surface may be at an elevation greater than the elevation of the second reservoir (“2”). The first reservoir may be above water on land, or floating in the water, or underwater. In the present figure, the second reservoir is floating above the ocean floor. In the present figure, the second reservoir may be suspended above the ocean floor and may be buoyant. In the present figure, the second reservoir may be tethered to the ocean floor and/or anchored to the ocean bottom. In the present figure, the second reservoir may be surrounded by ocean water. The second reservoir may comprise a piston tank. The second reservoir may comprise an expandable or collapsible structure, such as an onion tank, or a bladder tank, or a pillow tank, or a storage bag. In the present figure, the internal pressure of the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of water in contact with the bottom of the second reservoir.

FIG. 43: FIG. 43 is an energy storage system with tethers or anchors or tie down tethers labeled. “C” is labeling the tethers or anchors or tie downs. Said tethers or anchors or tie downs may be employed to connect an underwater tank (e.g. ‘2’) to the seafloor, which may enable an underwater tank (e.g. ‘2’) to be floating above the seafloor.

FIG. 44: FIG. 44 shows a water or HDL storage tank with a condensable gas in the headspace. The storage tank may be rigid in construction. “A” is labeling the yellow layer (light colored in black/white). “A” represents a practically insoluble condensed liquid comprising a condensable gas at a condensed (i.e. liquid) state. The said insoluble condensed liquid may comprise the same composition as the at least a portion of the gas in the headspace, “B”, and/or said insoluble condensed liquid vapor pression may be at equilibrium or in equilibrium with the headspace gas. “B” represents the gases occupying the headspace. “A” contains less liquid in FIG. 44 than FIG. 45 because more condensable gas is at a condensed liquid state in FIG. 45 compared to FIG. 44. “6” may represent the third reservoir. A condensable headspace gas may enable the water tank to be drained of water while maintaining a relatively stable pressure inside said tank or without substantially reducing the pressure inside the water tank. A condensable headspace gas may enable the inside of an underwater rigid water tank to have an internal pressure close to the hydrostatic pressure of ocean water at the depth of the underwater rigid tank, while remaining mechanically isolated from the ocean water at the depth of the underwater rigid tank. A condensable headspace gas may have a vapor pressure or boiling point engineered to match a design pressure range within a design temperature range.

FIG. 45: FIG. 45 shows a water or HDL storage tank with a condensable gas in the headspace. The storage tank may be rigid in construction. “A” is labeling the yellow layer (light colored in black/white). “A” represents a practically insoluble condensed liquid comprising a condensable gas at a condensed (i.e. liquid) state. The said insoluble condensed liquid may comprise the same composition as the at least a portion of the gas in the headspace, “B”, and/or said insoluble condensed liquid vapor pression may be at equilibrium or in equilibrium with the headspace gas. “B” represents the gases occupying the headspace. “A” contains more liquid in FIG. 45 than FIG. 44 because more condensable gas is at a condensed liquid state in FIG. 45 compared to FIG. 44, which may be due to water occupying a greater proportion of the volume in FIG. 45. “6” may represent the third reservoir. A condensable headspace gas may enable the water tank to be drained of water while maintaining a relatively stable pressure inside said tank or without substantially reducing the pressure inside the water tank. A condensable headspace gas may enable the inside of an underwater rigid water tank to have an internal pressure close to the hydrostatic pressure of ocean water at the depth of the underwater rigid tank, while remaining mechanically isolated from the ocean water at the depth of the underwater rigid tank. A condensable headspace gas may have a vapor pressure or boiling point engineered to match a design pressure range within a design temperature range.

FIG. 46: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into a rigid underwater tank to displace water inside said rigid tank, wherein said water is displaced to an external underwater water reservoir. The present figure shows the present embodiment at a state of charging, for example, wherein electricity is powering a pump (“4”) to transfer low density liquid from a reservoir near the surface (“1”) to an underwater reservoir (“2”), for example, whereby low density liquid displaces water inside said underwater reservoir. The pressure inside the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean at the underwater depth of the second reservoir.

FIG. 46: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into a rigid underwater tank to displace water inside said rigid tank, wherein said water is displaced to an external underwater water reservoir. The present figure shows the present embodiment at a fully charged, steady state. The pressure inside the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean at the underwater depth of the second reservoir.

FIG. 48: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into a rigid underwater tank to displace water inside said rigid tank, wherein said water is displaced to an external underwater water reservoir. The present figure shows the present embodiment at a state of generating electricity or discharging. For example, a valve (“5”) may open, allowing water inside an underwater reservoir (“2”) to displace low density liquid from said underwater reservoir through a pipe (“3”), through a generator (“4”), generating electricity or discharging stored electricity, and into the reservoir near the surface (“1”). The pressure inside the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean at the underwater depth of the second reservoir.

FIG. 49: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into a rigid underwater tank to displace water inside said rigid tank, wherein said water is displaced to an external underwater water reservoir. The present figure shows the present embodiment at a fully discharged, steady state. The pressure inside the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean at the underwater depth of the second reservoir.

FIG. 50: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into an underwater tank (second reservoir) to displace water inside said second reservoir, wherein said water is displaced to an external underwater water reservoir (third reservoir). The present figure shows the present embodiment at a fully discharged, steady state. “2” may represent a rigid underwater tank, which may comprise the second reservoir. “S” may represent a separator or barrier, which may be located between the low density liquid and the water or may physically separate or prevent or minimize direct contact between the low density liquid and the water. Said separator or barrier may prevent direct contact between the low density liquid and water and/or may provide a physical separation between the low density liquid and water. Said separator or barrier may allow the low density liquid to displace the water, while, for example, preventing or minimizing direct contact between the water and the low density liquid. “8” may represent an external water reservoir or the third reservoir. In the present figure, the external water reservoir may be located underwater. In the present figure, the external water reservoir may be underwater at a similar depth to the second reservoir. “9” may represent a water pipe interconnecting an external water reservoir to the second reservoir. In the present figure, the external water reservoir, or the pipe interconnecting the external water reservoir to the second reservoir, or a combination thereof may possess an internal pressure close to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean water at or near the depth of the second reservoir. The pressure inside the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean at the underwater depth of the second reservoir.

FIG. 51: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into an underwater tank (second reservoir) to displace water inside said second reservoir, wherein said water is displaced to an external underwater water reservoir (third reservoir). The present figure shows the present embodiment at a state of charging, for example, wherein electricity is powering a pump (“4”) to transfer low density liquid from a reservoir near the surface (“1”) to a underwater reservoir (“2”), for example, whereby low density liquid displaces water inside said underwater reservoir. “2” may represent a rigid underwater tank, which may comprise the second reservoir. “S” may represent a separator or barrier, which may be located between the low density liquid and the water or may physically separate or prevent or minimize direct contact between the low density liquid and the water. Said separator or barrier may prevent direct contact between the low density liquid and water and/or may provide a physical separation between the low density liquid and water. Said separator or barrier may allow the low density liquid to displace the water, while, for example, preventing or minimizing direct contact between the water and the low density liquid. “8” may represent an external water reservoir or the third reservoir. In the present figure, the external water reservoir may be located underwater. In the present figure, the external water reservoir may be underwater at a similar depth to the second reservoir. “9” may represent a water pipe interconnecting an external water reservoir to the second reservoir. In the present figure, the external water reservoir, or the pipe interconnecting the external water reservoir to the second reservoir, or a combination thereof may possess an internal pressure close to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean water at or near the depth of the second reservoir. The pressure inside the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean at the underwater depth of the second reservoir.

FIG. 52: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into an underwater tank (second reservoir) to displace water inside said second reservoir, wherein said water is displaced to an external underwater water reservoir (third reservoir). The present figure shows the present embodiment at a fully charged, steady state. “2” may represent a rigid underwater tank, which may comprise the second reservoir. “S” may represent a separator or barrier, which may be located between the low density liquid and the water or may physically separate or prevent or minimize direct contact between the low density liquid and the water. Said separator or barrier may prevent direct contact between the low density liquid and water and/or may provide a physical separation between the low density liquid and water. Said separator or barrier may allow the low density liquid to displace the water, while, for example, preventing or minimizing direct contact between the water and the low density liquid. “8” may represent an external water reservoir or the third reservoir. Said physical separation or barrier may comprise a membrane. In the present figure, the external water reservoir may be located underwater. In the present figure, the external water reservoir may be underwater at a similar depth to the second reservoir. “9” may represent a water pipe interconnecting an external water reservoir to the second reservoir. In the present figure, the external water reservoir, or the pipe interconnecting the external water reservoir to the second reservoir, or a combination thereof may possess an internal pressure close to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean water at or near the depth of the second reservoir. The pressure inside the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean at the underwater depth of the second reservoir.

FIG. 53: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into an underwater tank (second reservoir) to displace water inside said second reservoir, wherein said water is displaced to an external underwater water reservoir (third reservoir). The present figure shows the present embodiment at a state of generating electricity or discharging. For example, a valve (“5”) may open, allowing water inside an underwater reservoir (“2”) to displace low density liquid from said underwater reservoir through a pipe (“3”), through a generator (“4”), generating electricity or discharging stored electricity, and into the reservoir near the surface (“1”). “2” may represent a rigid underwater tank, which may comprise the second reservoir. “S” may represent a separator or barrier, which may be located between the low density liquid and the water or may physically separate or prevent or minimize direct contact between the low density liquid and the water. Said separator or barrier may prevent direct contact between the low density liquid and water and/or may provide a physical separation between the low density liquid and water. Said separator or barrier may allow the low density liquid to displace the water, while, for example, preventing or minimizing direct contact between the water and the low density liquid. “8” may represent an external water reservoir or the third reservoir. In the present figure, the external water reservoir may be located underwater. In the present figure, the external water reservoir may be underwater at a similar depth to the second reservoir. “9” may represent a water pipe interconnecting an external water reservoir to the second reservoir. In the present figure, the external water reservoir, or the pipe interconnecting the external water reservoir to the second reservoir, or a combination thereof may possess an internal pressure close to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean water at or near the depth of the second reservoir. The pressure inside the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean at the underwater depth of the second reservoir.

FIG. 54: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into an underwater tank (second reservoir) to displace water inside said second reservoir into a separate water reservoir (third reservoir). The third reservoir may comprise a tank at a higher elevation than the second reservoir and/or a tank which is at a lower elevation than the second reservoir and/or a rigid tank which is mechanically isolated from the water submerging the tank and/or a tank on or above the surface of the water body and/or a tank located on land. The present figure shows the present embodiment at or near a fully discharged, steady state. “2” may comprise an underwater second reservoir, which may comprise low density liquid and water inside an underwater tank. In the second reservoir, the low density liquid may be physically separate from the water by a physical barrier or separator (“S”). The physical barrier or separator may enable low density liquid to exchange pressure with the water, while ensuring the water and low density liquid are physically separate or not in direct contact. The physical barrier or separator may be rigid, or flexible, or a combination thereof. The physical separation or barrier may comprise a membrane. The physical barrier or separator may be removable or replaceable or adjustable or a combination thereof, which may facilitate operations, or maintenance, or efficiency, or system longevity, or cost, or a combination thereof. Said separator or barrier may prevent direct contact between the low density liquid and water and/or may provide a physical separation between the low density liquid and water. Said separator or barrier may allow the low density liquid to displace the water, while, for example, preventing or minimizing direct contact between the water and the low density liquid. “6” may comprise a third reservoir, which, in the present figure, comprises storage for displaced water and may be located on land. “1” may comprise a first reservoir, which may comprise storage for low density liquid and may be located at a greater elevation than a second reservoir. Electricity may be stored by powering a pump (“4”) to pump low density liquid from the first reservoir through a pipe (“3”) to the second reservoir (“2”) and displace water from the second reservoir through a pipe (“7”) to the third reservoir (“6”). Electricity may be generated or discharged by allowing low density liquid in the second reservoir to be displaced by water from the third reservoir, wherein water from the third reservoir displaces low density liquid from the second reservoir through a pipe (“3”), through a generator (“4”), generating electricity, and into the first reservoir. The pump and generator may comprise the same unit(s) which can reversibly function as a pump and a generator, which may comprise a hydraulic power recovery turbine (HPRT). The pressure inside the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean at the underwater depth of the second reservoir.

FIG. 55: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into an underwater tank (second reservoir) to displace water inside said second reservoir into a separate water reservoir (third reservoir). The third reservoir may comprise a tank at a higher elevation than the second reservoir and/or a tank which is at a lower elevation than the second reservoir and/or a rigid tank which is mechanically isolated from the water submerging the tank and/or a tank on or above the surface of the water body and/or a tank located on land. The present figure shows the present embodiment at a state of storing electricity or charging, wherein electricity may be stored by powering a pump to transfer low density liquid from the first reservoir to the second reservoir, displacing water in the second reservoir. “2” may comprise an underwater second reservoir, which may comprise low density liquid and water inside an underwater tank. In the second reservoir, the low density liquid may be physically separate from the water by a physical barrier or separator (“S”). The physical barrier or separator may enable low density liquid to exchange pressure with the water, while ensuring the water and low density liquid are physically separate or not in direct contact. The physical barrier or separator may be rigid, or flexible, or a combination thereof. The physical barrier or separator may be removable or replaceable or adjustable or a combination thereof, which may facilitate operations, or maintenance, or efficiency, or system longevity, or cost, or a combination thereof. Said separator or barrier may prevent direct contact between the low density liquid and water and/or may provide a physical separation between the low density liquid and water. Said separator or barrier may allow the low density liquid to displace the water, while, for example, preventing or minimizing direct contact between the water and the low density liquid. “6” may comprise a third reservoir, which, in the present figure, comprises storage for displaced water and may be located on land. “1” may comprise a first reservoir, which may comprise storage for low density liquid and may be located at a greater elevation than a second reservoir. Electricity may be stored by powering a pump (“4”) to pump low density liquid from the first reservoir through a pipe (“3”) to the second reservoir (“2”) and displace water from the second reservoir through a pipe (“7”) to the third reservoir (“6”). Electricity may be generated or discharged by allowing low density liquid in the second reservoir to be displaced by water from the third reservoir, wherein water from the third reservoir displaces low density liquid from the second reservoir through a pipe (“3”), through a generator (“4”), generating electricity, and into the first reservoir. The pump and generator may comprise the same unit(s) which can reversibly function as a pump and a generator, which may comprise a hydraulic power recovery turbine (HPRT). The pressure inside the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean at the underwater depth of the second reservoir.

FIG. 56: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into an underwater tank (second reservoir) to displace water inside said second reservoir into a separate water reservoir (third reservoir). The third reservoir may comprise a tank at a higher elevation than the second reservoir and/or a tank which is at a lower elevation than the second reservoir and/or a rigid tank which is mechanically isolated from the water submerging the tank and/or a tank on or above the surface of the water body and/or a tank located on land. The present figure shows the present embodiment at or near a fully charged, steady state. “2” may comprise an underwater second reservoir, which may comprise low density liquid and water inside an underwater tank. In the second reservoir, the low density liquid may be physically separate from the water by a physical barrier or separator (“S”). The physical barrier or separator may enable low density liquid to exchange pressure with the water, while ensuring the water and low density liquid are physically separate or not in direct contact. The physical barrier or separator may be rigid, or flexible, or a combination thereof. The physical barrier or separator may be removable or replaceable or adjustable or a combination thereof, which may facilitate operations, or maintenance, or efficiency, or system longevity, or cost, or a combination thereof. Said separator or barrier may prevent direct contact between the low density liquid and water and/or may provide a physical separation between the low density liquid and water. Said separator or barrier may allow the low density liquid to displace the water, while, for example, preventing or minimizing direct contact between the water and the low density liquid. “6” may comprise a third reservoir, which, in the present figure, comprises storage for displaced water and may be located on land. “1” may comprise a first reservoir, which may comprise storage for low density liquid and may be located at a greater elevation than a second reservoir. Electricity may be stored by powering a pump (“4”) to pump low density liquid from the first reservoir through a pipe (“3”) to the second reservoir (“2”) and displace water from the second reservoir through a pipe (“7”) to the third reservoir (“6”). Electricity may be generated or discharged by allowing low density liquid in the second reservoir to be displaced by water from the third reservoir, wherein water from the third reservoir displaces low density liquid from the second reservoir through a pipe (“3”), through a generator (“4”), generating electricity, and into the first reservoir. The pump and generator may comprise the same unit(s) which can reversibly function as a pump and a generator, which may comprise a hydraulic power recovery turbine (HPRT). The pressure inside the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean at the underwater depth of the second reservoir.

FIG. 57: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into an underwater tank (second reservoir) to displace water inside said second reservoir into a separate water reservoir (third reservoir). The third reservoir may comprise a tank at a higher elevation than the second reservoir and/or a tank which is at a lower elevation than the second reservoir and/or a rigid tank which is mechanically isolated from the water submerging the tank and/or a tank on or above the surface of the water body and/or a tank located on land. The present figure shows the present embodiment at an electricity generating or discharging state. Electricity may be generated by allowing low density liquid to be displaced from the second reservoir, through a pipe, into a generator, generating electricity, and into the first reservoir. Low density liquid in the second reservoir may be allowed to be displaced by water. Said allowing may involve opening a valve (“5”) in a low density liquid pipe. “2” may comprise an underwater second reservoir, which may comprise low density liquid and water inside an underwater tank. In the second reservoir, the low density liquid may be physically separate from the water by a physical barrier or separator (“S”). The physical barrier or separator may enable low density liquid to exchange pressure with the water, while ensuring the water and low density liquid are physically separate or not in direct contact. The physical barrier or separator may be rigid, or flexible, or a combination thereof. The physical barrier or separator may be removable or replaceable or adjustable or a combination thereof, which may facilitate operations, or maintenance, or efficiency, or system longevity, or cost, or a combination thereof. Said separator or barrier may prevent direct contact between the low density liquid and water and/or may provide a physical separation between the low density liquid and water. Said separator or barrier may allow the low density liquid to displace the water, while, for example, preventing or minimizing direct contact between the water and the low density liquid. “6” may comprise a third reservoir, which, in the present figure, comprises storage for displaced water and may be located on land. “1” may comprise a first reservoir, which may comprise storage for low density liquid and may be located at a greater elevation than a second reservoir. Electricity may be stored by powering a pump (“4”) to pump low density liquid from the first reservoir through a pipe (“3”) to the second reservoir (“2”) and displace water from the second reservoir through a pipe (“7”) to the third reservoir (“6”). Electricity may be generated or discharged by allowing low density liquid in the second reservoir to be displaced by water from the third reservoir, wherein water from the third reservoir displaces low density liquid from the second reservoir through a pipe (“3”), through a generator (“4”), generating electricity, and into the first reservoir. The pump and generator may comprise the same unit(s) which can reversibly function as a pump and a generator, which may comprise a hydraulic power recovery turbine (HPRT). The pressure inside the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean at the underwater depth of the second reservoir.

FIG. 58: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into an underwater tank (“2”) (second reservoir) to displace water inside said second reservoir into a separate water reservoir (“8”) (third reservoir). The second reservoir may comprise an underwater rigid tank which may contain both low density liquid and water. Inside said second reservoir, low density liquid may be stored in a sub-reservoir or sub-tank (“10”) which may comprise an expandable or collapsible structure, such as a bladder tank or piston or a combination thereof. Said sub-tank may be employed to prevent direct contact between low density liquid and water in the second reservoir. In the event the internal sub-tank breaks or leaks, the leaked low density liquid may remain inside this rigid tank or rigid containment structure, preventing exposure of the low density liquid to the surrounding environment. Said sub-tank may be considered a physical barrier or separator, and may be removable or replaceable or adjustable or a combination thereof, which may facilitate operations, or maintenance, or efficiency, or system longevity, or cost, or a combination thereof. The present figure shows the present embodiment at a near fully discharged state. The third reservoir, which may be connected to the second reservoir using a pipe, may comprise nearby ocean water, or a water tank at pressure equilibrium with the ocean, or a rigid water tank mechanically isolated from nearby ocean and at similar pressure to the hydrostatic pressure of the nearby ocean, or a water tank on or near the ocean surface, or a water tank on land. If the third reservoir is at pressure equilibrium with the surrounding ocean and/or the density of the liquid inside the third reservoir is close to the density of ocean water, the third reservoir may be located at any elevation relative to the second reservoir. For example, the third reservoir may be located at the same elevation as or similar elevation to the second reservoir, as is shown in the present figure. For example, the third reservoir may be located at a deeper depth or lower elevation than the second reservoir. For example, the third reservoir may be located at a shallower depth or greater elevation than the second reservoir. For example, the third reservoir may be located on land. Electricity may be stored by powering a pump (“4”) to pump low density liquid from the first reservoir through a pipe (“3”) to the second reservoir (“2”) and displace water from the second reservoir through a pipe (“7”) to the third reservoir (“6”). Electricity may be stored by powering a pump (“4”) to pump low density liquid from the first reservoir through a pipe (“3”) to the second reservoir (“2”), specifically the low density liquid second reservoir sub-tank (“10”), and displace water from the second reservoir through a pipe (“9”) to a third reservoir (“8”). Electricity may be generated or discharged by allowing low density liquid in the second reservoir, specifically the low density liquid second reservoir sub-tank (“10”), to be displaced by water from the third reservoir, wherein water from the third reservoir displaces low density liquid from the second reservoir through a pipe (“3”), through a generator (“4”), generating electricity, and into the first reservoir (“1”). The pump and generator may comprise the same unit(s) which can reversibly function as a pump and a generator, which may comprise a hydraulic power recovery turbine (HPRT). The pressure inside the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean at the underwater depth of the second reservoir.

An electricity storage system with a surface tank (‘1’), an underwater rigid tank (‘2’), a bladder sub-tank configured to store low density liquid (‘10’), and an interconnected external bladder tank configured to store water (‘8’).

The present embodiment at a nearly fully discharged state.

FIG. 59: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into an underwater tank (“2”) (second reservoir) to displace water inside said second reservoir into a separate water reservoir (“8”) (third reservoir). The second reservoir may comprise an underwater rigid tank which may contain both low density liquid and water. Inside said second reservoir, low density liquid may be stored in a sub-reservoir or sub-tank (“10”) which may comprise an expandable or collapsible structure, such as a bladder tank or piston or a combination thereof. Said sub-tank may be employed to prevent direct contact between low density liquid and water in the second reservoir. In the event the internal sub-tank breaks or leaks, the leaked low density liquid may remain inside this rigid tank or rigid containment structure, preventing exposure of the low density liquid to the surrounding environment. Said sub-tank may be considered a physical barrier or separator, and may be removable or replaceable or adjustable or a combination thereof, which may facilitate operations, or maintenance, or efficiency, or system longevity, or cost, or a combination thereof. The present figure shows the present embodiment storing electricity or ‘charging’, wherein low density liquid is pumped from the first reservoir to the second reservoir, displacing water from the second reservoir into the third reservoir. The third reservoir, which may be connected to the second reservoir using a pipe, may comprise nearby ocean water, or a water tank at pressure equilibrium with the ocean, or a rigid water tank mechanically isolated from nearby ocean and at similar pressure to the hydrostatic pressure of the nearby ocean, or a water tank on or near the ocean surface, or a water tank on land. If the third reservoir is at pressure equilibrium with the surrounding ocean and/or the density of the liquid inside the third reservoir is close to the density of ocean water, the third reservoir may be located at any elevation relative to the second reservoir. For example, the third reservoir may be located at the same elevation as or similar elevation to the second reservoir, as is shown in the present figure. For example, the third reservoir may be located at a deeper depth or lower elevation than the second reservoir. For example, the third reservoir may be located at a shallower depth or greater elevation than the second reservoir. For example, the third reservoir may be located on land. Electricity may be stored by powering a pump (“4”) to pump low density liquid from the first reservoir through a pipe (“3”) to the second reservoir (“2”) and displace water from the second reservoir through a pipe (“7”) to the third reservoir (“6”). Electricity may be stored by powering a pump (“4”) to pump low density liquid from the first reservoir through a pipe (“3”) to the second reservoir (“2”), specifically the low density liquid second reservoir sub-tank (“10”), and displace water from the second reservoir through a pipe (“9”) to a third reservoir (“8”). Electricity may be generated or discharged by allowing low density liquid in the second reservoir, specifically the low density liquid second reservoir sub-tank (“10”), to be displaced by water from the third reservoir, wherein water from the third reservoir displaces low density liquid from the second reservoir through a pipe (“3”), through a generator (“4”), generating electricity, and into the first reservoir (“1”). The pump and generator may comprise the same unit(s) which can reversibly function as a pump and a generator, which may comprise a hydraulic power recovery turbine (HPRT). The pressure inside the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean at the underwater depth of the second reservoir.

The present embodiment storing electricity (‘charging’). Low density liquid is pumped (‘4’) from the surface tank (‘1’), through a pipe (‘3’), to the underwater rigid tank (‘2’), displacing water in the underwater rigid tank (‘2’). The displaced water travels through a pipe (‘9’) into the external bladder tank (‘8’).

FIG. 60: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into an underwater tank (“2”) (second reservoir) to displace water inside said second reservoir into a separate water reservoir (“8”) (third reservoir). The second reservoir may comprise an underwater rigid tank which may contain both low density liquid and water. Inside said second reservoir, low density liquid may be stored in a sub-reservoir or sub-tank (“10”) which may comprise an expandable or collapsible structure, such as a bladder tank or piston or a combination thereof. Said sub-tank may be employed to prevent direct contact between low density liquid and water in the second reservoir. In the event the internal sub-tank breaks or leaks, the leaked low density liquid may remain inside this rigid tank or rigid containment structure, preventing exposure of the low density liquid to the surrounding environment. Said sub-tank may be considered a physical barrier or separator, and may be removable or replaceable or adjustable or a combination thereof, which may facilitate operations, or maintenance, or efficiency, or system longevity, or cost, or a combination thereof. The present figure shows the present embodiment at a near fully charged state. The third reservoir, which may be connected to the second reservoir using a pipe, may comprise nearby ocean water, or a water tank at pressure equilibrium with the ocean, or a rigid water tank mechanically isolated from nearby ocean and at similar pressure to the hydrostatic pressure of the nearby ocean, or a water tank on or near the ocean surface, or a water tank on land. If the third reservoir is at pressure equilibrium with the surrounding ocean and/or the density of the liquid inside the third reservoir is close to the density of ocean water, the third reservoir may be located at any elevation relative to the second reservoir. For example, the third reservoir may be located at the same elevation as or similar elevation to the second reservoir, as is shown in the present figure. For example, the third reservoir may be located at a deeper depth or lower elevation than the second reservoir. For example, the third reservoir may be located at a shallower depth or greater elevation than the second reservoir. For example, the third reservoir may be located on land. Electricity may be stored by powering a pump (“4”) to pump low density liquid from the first reservoir through a pipe (“3”) to the second reservoir (“2”) and displace water from the second reservoir through a pipe (“7”) to the third reservoir (“6”). Electricity may be stored by powering a pump (“4”) to pump low density liquid from the first reservoir through a pipe (“3”) to the second reservoir (“2”), specifically the low density liquid second reservoir sub-tank (“10”), and displace water from the second reservoir through a pipe (“9”) to a third reservoir (“8”). Electricity may be generated or discharged by allowing low density liquid in the second reservoir, specifically the low density liquid second reservoir sub-tank (“10”), to be displaced by water from the third reservoir, wherein water from the third reservoir displaces low density liquid from the second reservoir through a pipe (“3”), through a generator (“4”), generating electricity, and into the first reservoir (“1”). The pump and generator may comprise the same unit(s) which can reversibly function as a pump and a generator, which may comprise a hydraulic power recovery turbine (HPRT). The pressure inside the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean at the underwater depth of the second reservoir.

The present embodiment at a nearly fully charged state.

FIG. 61: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into an underwater tank (“2”) (second reservoir) to displace water inside said second reservoir into a separate water reservoir (“8”) (third reservoir). The second reservoir may comprise an underwater rigid tank which may contain both low density liquid and water. Inside said second reservoir, low density liquid may be stored in a sub-reservoir or sub-tank (“10”) which may comprise an expandable or collapsible structure, such as a bladder tank or piston or a combination thereof. Said sub-tank may be employed to prevent direct contact between low density liquid and water in the second reservoir. In the event the internal sub-tank breaks or leaks, the leaked low density liquid may remain inside this rigid tank or rigid containment structure, preventing exposure of the low density liquid to the surrounding environment. Said sub-tank may be considered a physical barrier or separator, and may be removable or replaceable or adjustable or a combination thereof, which may facilitate operations, or maintenance, or efficiency, or system longevity, or cost, or a combination thereof. The present figure shows the present embodiment generating electricity or ‘discharging’. For example, discharging may involve allowing low density liquid in the second reservoir to be displaced by water in the third reservoir, and wherein said low density liquid is displaced into a pipe, into a generator, generating electricity, and into the first reservoir. The third reservoir, which may be connected to the second reservoir using a pipe, may comprise nearby ocean water, or a water tank at pressure equilibrium with the ocean, or a rigid water tank mechanically isolated from nearby ocean and at similar pressure to the hydrostatic pressure of the nearby ocean, or a water tank on or near the ocean surface, or a water tank on land. If the third reservoir is at pressure equilibrium with the surrounding ocean and/or the density of the liquid inside the third reservoir is close to the density of ocean water, the third reservoir may be located at any elevation relative to the second reservoir. For example, the third reservoir may be located at the same elevation as or similar elevation to the second reservoir, as is shown in the present figure. For example, the third reservoir may be located at a deeper depth or lower elevation than the second reservoir. For example, the third reservoir may be located at a shallower depth or greater elevation than the second reservoir. For example, the third reservoir may be located on land. Electricity may be stored by powering a pump (“4”) to pump low density liquid from the first reservoir through a pipe (“3”) to the second reservoir (“2”) and displace water from the second reservoir through a pipe (“7”) to the third reservoir (“6”). Electricity may be stored by powering a pump (“4”) to pump low density liquid from the first reservoir through a pipe (“3”) to the second reservoir (“2”), specifically the low density liquid second reservoir sub-tank (“10”), and displace water from the second reservoir through a pipe (“9”) to a third reservoir (“8”). Electricity may be generated or discharged by allowing low density liquid in the second reservoir, specifically the low density liquid second reservoir sub-tank (“10”), to be displaced by water from the third reservoir, wherein water from the third reservoir displaces low density liquid from the second reservoir through a pipe (“3”), through a generator (“4”), generating electricity, and into the first reservoir (“1”). The pump and generator may comprise the same unit(s) which can reversibly function as a pump and a generator, which may comprise a hydraulic power recovery turbine (HPRT). The pressure inside the second reservoir may be close to or about equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean at the underwater depth of the second reservoir.

The present embodiment generating electricity (‘discharging’). Water in the external bladder tank (‘8’) is allowed to displace low density liquid in the underwater rigid tank (‘2’). The displaced low density liquid travels through a pipe (‘3’), through a generator (‘4’), to the surface tank (‘1’).

FIG. 62: The present figure may comprise a similar embodiment to FIGS. 58-61. The present figure may show the present embodiment as a near fully discharged state. The present figure may employ a third reservoir comprising nearby ocean water or open ocean water. The sub-tank within the second reservoir (“10”), the second reservoir, and the external water pipe connected to the second reservoir (“11”) may be configured such that when low density liquid is pumped into “10”, water displaced from the second reservoir exits the second reservoir in a manner which prevents low density liquid from exiting the second reservoir in the event of a release or leak of low density liquid. For example, said configuration may comprise a pipe and/or tank setup such that a liquid or material exiting the tank must have a density greater than or equal to or close to the density of water. For example, said configuration may involve the external water pipe “11” possessing an outlet or external outlet which faces toward the seafloor or faces downward or a bend which faces downward. For example, said configuration may involve the external water pipe “11” possessing a pipe inside the underwater tank which has a bend upward and/or faces upward and/or faces toward the sea surface and/or faces away from the seafloor and/or possesses an opening inside the underwater tank which faces upward. For example, said configuration may involve the external water pipe containing a chemical or reagent or material which will swell or absorb low density liquid or react with low density liquid when in presence or contact with low density liquid, which may occur in the event of, for example, a low density liquid leak or release from the sub-tank, which may, for example, trigger the closure of a valve inside the pipe or passively clog or close the pipe or a combination thereof in the event of a low density liquid leak or release from the sub-tank. “11” may be removable or replaceable. The second reservoir internal sub-tank, or the external water pipe, or the third reservoir (if comprising a tank), or a combination thereof may be removable, or replicable. For example, second reservoir internal sub-tank, or the external water pipe, or the third reservoir (if comprising a tank), or a combination thereof may be removed or replaced while the second storage reservoir remains in operation. For example, second reservoir internal sub-tank, or the external water pipe, or the third reservoir (if comprising a tank), or a combination thereof may be removed or replaced while the second storage reservoir remains installed. For example, second reservoir internal sub-tank, or the external water pipe, or the third reservoir (if comprising a tank), or a combination thereof may be removed or replaced or maintained while one or more or components remain installed and/or operating, which may include one or more or a combination of the previously described components or other parts of the present invention described herein.

An electricity storage system with a surface tank (‘1’), an underwater rigid tank (‘2’), and a bladder sub-tank configured to store low density liquid (‘10’). The underwater rigid tank (‘2’) is in direct fluid communication with the adjacent deep sea ocean water by a pipe (‘11’).

The present embodiment at a nearly fully discharged state.

FIG. 63: The present figure may comprise the embodiment described in the description of FIG. 62. The present figure shows the present embodiment at a state of ‘charging’ or storing energy or electricity. Charging may involve pumping low density liquid from the first reservoir to the second reservoir, displacing water in the second reservoir. Water may exit the second reservoir during said displacing such that, even if even the low density liquid leaks from the internal sub-tank within the second reservoir, the low density liquid may remain in the second reservoir.

The present embodiment storing electricity (‘charging’). Low density liquid is pumped (‘4’) from the surface tank (‘1’), through a pipe (‘3’), to the underwater rigid tank (‘2’), displacing ocean water from the underwater rigid tank (‘2’). The displaced ocean water travels through a pipe (‘11’) into the ocean adjacent the underwater rigid tank (‘2’).

FIG. 64: The present figure may comprise the embodiment described in the description of FIG. 62. The present figure shows the present embodiment at a nearly fully charged state.

FIG. 65: The present figure may comprise the embodiment described in the description of FIG. 62. The present figure shows the present embodiment at a state of ‘discharging’ or generating energy or generating electricity. Discharging may involve allowing low density liquid to be displaced from the second reservoir into a pipe, through a generator, generating electricity, and into the first reservoir. Said displacing may involve ocean water passing through a pipe (“11”) into the second reservoir. Water may exit the second reservoir during said displacing such that, even if even the low density liquid leaks from the internal sub-tank within the second reservoir, the low density liquid may remain in the second reservoir.

The present embodiment generating electricity (‘discharging’). Ocean water adjacent to the underwater tank in direct fluid communication with the underwater rigid tank (‘2’) through a pipe (‘11’) is allowed to displace low density liquid in the underwater rigid tank (‘2’). The displaced low density liquid travels through a pipe (‘3’), through a generator (‘4’), to the surface tank (‘1’).

FIG. 66: An energy storage embodiment with a second reservoir and/or third reservoir with a containment cover or containment barrier (“CB” or “CCB”). Said CB may comprise a cover located over or above one or more components of the system. Said CB may comprise a cover located over or above components of the system which may hold or contain low density liquid. In the event low density liquid escapes from the second reservoir, the low density liquid may float upward, due to, for example, its low density than the water, and may be captured by the CB.

FIG. 67: An energy storage embodiment with a second reservoir and/or third reservoir with a containment cover or containment barrier (“CB” or “CCB”). Said CB may comprise a cover located over or above one or more components of the system. Said CB may comprise a cover located over or above components of the system which may hold or contain low density liquid. In the event low density liquid escapes from the second reservoir, the low density liquid may float upward, due to, for example, its low density than the water, and may be captured by the CB.

FIG. 68: An energy storage embodiment with a second reservoir and/or third reservoir with a containment cover or containment barrier (“CB” or “CCB”). Said CB may comprise a cover located over or above one or more components of the system. Said CB may comprise a cover located over or above components of the system which may hold or contain low density liquid. In the event low density liquid escapes from the second reservoir, the low density liquid may float upward, due to, for example, its low density than the water, and may be captured by the CB.

FIG. 69: An energy storage embodiment with a second reservoir and/or third reservoir with a containment cover or containment barrier (“CB” or “CCB”). Said CB may comprise a cover located over or above one or more components of the system. Said CB may comprise a cover located over or above components of the system which may hold or contain low density liquid. In the event low density liquid escapes from the second reservoir, the low density liquid may float upward, due to, for example, its low density than the water, and may be captured by the CB. In the present figure, “S” may comprise a separator or barrier, which may prevent or minimize the physical or direct contact between low density liquid and water within the second reservoir.

FIG. 70: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into a sub-tank (“5”) within to second reservoir (“2”) to displace water inside said second reservoir. The second reservoir may comprise a rigid tank or rigid containment structure, which may surround or contain a sub-tank (“5”) configured to store low density liquid. Said sub-tank may comprise an expandable or collapsible tank. Said sub-tank may be situated above a water port or hole or pipe or the outlet or a combination thereof to, for example, ensure low density liquid remains in the second reservoir in the event of a leak or accidental release of low density liquid. Said water port or hole or pipe or the outlet or a combination thereof may be employed to enable displaced water during the ‘storing’ of electricity to exit the second reservoir; and/or enable water to enter the second reservoir to displace low density liquid during the discharging or generating of electricity. The sub-tank may comprise a membrane or membrane-like structure. A rigid tank or rigid containment structure may surround the sub-tank and/or cover the top portion of the sub-tank. An example characteristic of the rigid tank or rigid containment structure may comprise the ability to control the entering or exiting of water or other liquids or substances from the second reservoir, which may include, but is not limited to, the ability to open or close a valve or port which may enable or disable or both the flow of water, or other liquids or other substances to and/or from the second reservoir. The present figure shows the present embodiment ‘charging’/. Said charging may involve pumping low density liquid from the first reservoir to the second reservoir, displacing water from the second reservoir with the low density liquid.

FIG. 71: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into a sub-tank (“5”) within a second reservoir (“2”) to displace water inside said second reservoir. The second reservoir may comprise a rigid tank or rigid containment structure, which may surround or contain a sub-tank (“5”) configured to store low density liquid. Said sub-tank may comprise an expandable or collapsible tank. Said sub-tank may be situated above a water port or hole or pipe or the outlet or a combination thereof to, for example, ensure low density liquid remains in the second reservoir in the event of a leak or accidental release of low density liquid. Said water port or hole or pipe or the outlet or a combination thereof may be employed to enable displaced water during the ‘storing’ of electricity to exit the second reservoir; and/or enable water to enter the second reservoir to displace low density liquid during the discharging or generating of electricity. A rigid tank or rigid containment structure may surround the sub-tank and/or cover the top portion of the sub-tank. An example characteristic of the rigid tank or rigid containment structure may comprise the ability to control the entering or exiting of water or other liquids or substances from the second reservoir, which may include, but is not limited to, the ability to open or close a valve or port which may enable or disable or both the flow of water, or other liquids or other substances to and/or from the second reservoir. The present figure shows the present embodiment at a nearly fully charged state.

FIG. 72: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into a sub-tank (“5”) within a second reservoir (“2”) to displace water inside said second reservoir. The second reservoir may comprise a rigid tank or rigid containment structure, which may surround or contain a sub-tank (“5”) configured to store low density liquid. Said sub-tank may comprise an expandable or collapsible tank. Said sub-tank may be situated above a water port or hole or pipe or the outlet or a combination thereof to, for example, ensure low density liquid remains in the second reservoir in the event of a leak or accidental release of low density liquid. Said water port or hole or pipe or the outlet or a combination thereof may be employed to enable displaced water during the ‘storing’ of electricity to exit the second reservoir; and/or enable water to enter the second reservoir to displace low density liquid during the discharging or generating of electricity. A rigid tank or rigid containment structure may surround the sub-tank and/or cover the top portion of the sub-tank. An example characteristic of the rigid tank or rigid containment structure may comprise the ability to control the entering or exiting of water or other liquids or substances from the second reservoir, which may include, but is not limited to, the ability to open or close a valve or port which may enable or disable or both the flow of water, or other liquids or other substances to and/or from the second reservoir. The present figure shows the present embodiment discharging or generating electricity. Discharging or generating electricity may involve low density liquid from the second reservoir being displaced into a pipe, through a generator, generating electricity and into the first reservoir. The displacement of low density liquid from the second reservoir may be allowed by opening a valve near or within the pump or generator or a valve near or within the second reservoir tank or a combination thereof. The displacement of low density liquid in the second reservoir may comprise water entering the second reservoir and displacing the low density liquid in the second reservoir.

FIG. 73: An energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into a sub-tank (“5”) within a second reservoir (“2”) to displace water inside said second reservoir. The second reservoir may comprise a rigid tank or rigid containment structure, which may surround or contain a sub-tank (“5”) configured to store low density liquid. Said sub-tank may comprise an expandable or collapsible tank. Said sub-tank may be situated above a water port or hole or pipe or the outlet or a combination thereof to, for example, ensure low density liquid remains in the second reservoir in the event of a leak or accidental release of low density liquid. Said water port or hole or pipe or the outlet or a combination thereof may be employed to enable displaced water during the ‘storing’ of electricity to exit the second reservoir; and/or enable water to enter the second reservoir to displace low density liquid during the discharging or generating of electricity. A rigid tank or rigid containment structure may surround the sub-tank and/or cover the top portion of the sub-tank. An example characteristic of the rigid tank or rigid containment structure may comprise the ability to control the entering or exiting of water or other liquids or substances from the second reservoir, which may include, but is not limited to, the ability to open or close a valve or port which may enable or disable or both the flow of water, or other liquids or other substances to and/or from the second reservoir. The present figure shows the present embodiment at a nearly fully discharged state.

FIG. 74: The present figure shows the present embodiment charging or storing electricity. The present figure shows an embodiment where the first reservoir (“1”) and/or pump (“4”) and/or generator (“4”) is located underwater at a higher elevation or lesser water depth than the second reservoir. The first reservoir may comprise a rigid tank or a bladder tank. In the present figure, the first reservoir is shown as a rigid tank. In the present embodiment shown in the present figure, a subsea power cable (“15”) connects the pump and/or generator (“4”) to electricity power sources, and/or electricity demand sources, and/or an electricity grid. Electricity power sources, and/or electricity demand sources, and/or an electricity grid, which may include transmission infrastructure, may be represented by “13” and “14” in the present figure and may be located on land or underwater. The subsea power cable may interconnect the present energy storage system with offshore power sources, such as, for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: offshore wind, offshore solar, and offshore rigs, offshore generating, or other power sources. The subsea power cable may interconnect the present energy storage system with offshore demand sources, such as, for example, including, but not limited to, offshore pipelines, offshore transmission stations, offshore compression stations, offshore drilling, heated flow lines, offshore oil rigs, offshore production systems, hydrogen production, ammonia production, CO₂ conversion, gas processing facilities, and/or other energy consumption sources. The subsea power cable may interconnect the present energy storage system with on-shore energy demand and on-shore power production sources, which may include, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: industrial electricity demand, commercial electricity demand, residential electricity demand, transportation electricity demand, renewable power sources, residential power sources, electricity grid load balancing, electricity grid services, on-shore solar plant, on-shore wind, on-shore hydropower, on-shore combustion power generation, hydrogen production, storing excess renewable electricity, discharging electricity during peak demand or when intermittent renewables are underproducing power. The present figure may show an energy storage system which stores electricity by pumping low density liquid into a sub-tank (“5”) within a second reservoir (“2”) to displace water inside said second reservoir.

The present embodiment leverages multiple aspects of the technical limitations of offshore technologies, and the geography of many offshore regions.

-   -   The offshore seafloor in most of the world is relatively shallow         within 10 miles, or 20 miles, or 30 miles, or 40 miles or 50         miles, or 60 miles or 70 miles, or 80 miles, or 90 miles, or 100         miles or a combination thereof of shore. Relatively shallow         water depth may comprise a water depth less deep than 1,000         meters, or 900 meters, or 800 meters, or 700 meters, or 600         meters, or 500 meters, or 400 meters, or 300 meters, or 200         meters, or 100 meters or a combination thereof. Furthermore, in         most geographies, said relatively shallow water eventually         reaches a precipitous ledge or continental shelf, which drops to         a water depth of 1,500 meters, or 2,000 meters, or 2,500 meters,         or 3,000 meters, or even greater depths. The present embodiment         places the first reservoir and/or pump and generator at a near         said ledge or continental shelf, which may minimize the length         of the pipeline from the first reservoir to the second         reservoir. Minimizing the length of the pipeline increases         round-trip energy efficiency and reduces capital cost.     -   In the present embodiment, the pump and/or generator may be         interconnected to a power source or power demand or an         electricity grid or a combination thereof by a subsea power         cable. Subsea power cables are least expensive and/or simplest         to install on relatively shallow and/or relatively flat subsea         terrain. The subsea cable in the present may be installed on         relatively shallow and/or relatively flat subsea terrain.     -   Modern day offshore wind farms require relatively shallow water         depths, generally less than 1,000 meters in water depth, to be         economically viable. The present embodiment enables the present         invention to be integrated with current day offshore wind farms         by being located relatively close to shallow water ideal for         offshore wind farms. Also, by being able to co-locate with         offshore wind or offshore solar or offshore rigs or a         combination thereof, the present invention may integrate with         pre-existing or pre-planned subsea power cables or power         transmission infrastructure. Alternatively, or additionally, by         being able to co-locate with offshore wind or offshore solar or         offshore rigs or other offshore technologies, the present         invention may improve the economics of said technologies and         other technologies, facilitating the construction of the subsea         power infrastructure and/or the present invention. For example,         offshore Virginia, North Carolina, Delaware, and Maryland (all         locations with proposed offshore wind farms) possess shallow         water and a nearby precipitous ledges and/or continental shelf.     -   Due to the first reservoir and/or generating being located         ‘offshore’, the only ‘shore crossing infrastructure’ in the         present embodiment may be a subsea power cable and related         transmission interconnections and infrastructure. The minimal         ‘shore crossing’ and ‘on-shore’infrastructure of the present         embodiment may reduce the required permitting and/or approvals         and/or timeline and/or regulatory bodies. Additionally, the lack         of tanks or generators on-shore may enable the present         embodiment to occupy less onshore land and/or may enable the         present embodiment to be less visually obvious and/or make the         present embodiment more visually appealing     -   In the present embodiment, the first reservoir and/or pump         and/or generator may be located at a water depth sufficiently         deep to be minimally exposed to ocean waves and/or ocean         weather. In the present embodiment, the first reservoir and/or         pump and/or generator may be located at a water depth         sufficiently shallow to enable a significant elevation         difference between the first and second reservoirs. For example,         a significant elevation difference may comprise an elevation or         depth difference greater than or equal to 500 meters, or 1,000         meters, or 1,500 meters, or 2,000 meters. In the present         embodiment, it may be advantageous for the first reservoir         and/or pump and/or generator may be located at a water depth         sufficiently shallow to enable professional divers and/or         professional diving vessels access or convenient access for         monitoring and/or maintenance.     -   The present embodiment possesses practically limitless land area         and/or geographic area for energy storage. The amount of subsea         seafloor with suitable geography vastly exceeds the seafloor         land area required for multi-hour, or multi-day, or even         multi-month electricity storage using the present embodiment.

FIG. 75: The present figure comprises the same embodiment as FIG. 74. The present figure shows the present embodiment at a nearly fully charged state.

FIG. 76: The present figure comprises the same embodiment as FIG. 74. The present figure shows the present embodiment discharging or generating electricity.

FIG. 77: The present figure comprises the same embodiment as FIG. 74. The present figure shows the present embodiment at a nearly fully discharged state.

FIG. 78: The present figure shows the present embodiment charging or storing electricity. The present figure shows an embodiment where the first reservoir (“1”) and/or pump (“4”) and/or generator (“4”) is located in a floating vessel (“16”). Said floating vessel may comprise a carrier, or a carrier retrofitted to enable greater unloading or loading flow rates than conventional carriers, or a specially designed carrier, or a combination thereof. Said carrier may comprise a ship, such as, for example, an LPG carrier. Said floating vessel may be interconnected to a subsea power cable and/or subsea low density liquid pipeline using or facilitated by one or more buoys. For example, the present figure may show the low density liquid pipeline interconnect buoy as “L” and the subsea cable electricity interconnect buoy as “X”. One or more or multiple or a combination of subsea pipelines, floating vessels, buoys, subsea tanks, or subsea tanks may be employed.

Floating vessels may be connectable or disconnectable or both. Floating vessels may be connectable or disconnectable to each other. Floating vessels may be connectable or disconnectable to or from floating buoys. For example, said floating vessels may be added or removed (connected or disconnected) when more or less energy storage or power capacity or both is required. Floating vessels may be transferred between one or more installations or projects to, for example, optimize required resources. For example, in some regions, greater electricity storage or power capacity may be required during certain time periods or seasons and/or less electricity storage or power capacity may be required during certain other time periods or seasons. Floating vessels may be transferred to and added to some regions during time periods of greater demand. Floating vessels may be disconnected and/or transferred away during time periods of lesser demand. Floating vessels may be transferred from regions of lesser demand to regions of greater demand as needed. For example, a futures market or spot market or both may be created to lease floating vessels. Floating vessels may be employed as LPG carriers or other forms of carriers when demand for energy storage is low. In some instances, it may be desirable for one or more of the floating vessels and/or the low density liquid and/or a portion of the low density liquid to be leased by the project operator or owner instead of, for example, outright owned.

Floating vessels may disconnect to avoid severe weather, such as hurricanes. Floating vessels may be disconnected for maintenance. Floating vessels may be updated or replaced over time. For example, new technology advances or application needs or performance needs may be integrated into floating vessels as a retrofit or new floating vessels may be constructed or both. Floating vessels may be disconnected or connected due to changes in demand.

Floating vessels may exist in multiple forms. For example, a floating vessel may comprise a low density liquid storage unit. For example, a floating vessel may comprise both a low density liquid storage unit and the pump and/or generator. For example, a floating vessel may comprise a pump and/or generator. Floating vessels of multiple forms may be combined or integrated as needed. Floating vessels may be changed or exchanged or integrated differently or possess updated configurations or a combination thereof, which may be simple to conduct in response to, for example, changing needs from one or more application.

A floating vessel connection buoy may contain an anchor connection or similar device to enable the floating vessel to remain in a general position without or with minimal need for a dynamic positioning system.

The use of floating vessels may enable practically unlimited energy storage capacity. For example, floating vessels may be interconnected to increase energy storage capacity or power capacity or both. The present embodiment may benefit from the current global capacity to construct and ship large scale floating carriers for LPG and other hydrocarbons and/or the available of floating carriers currently used for, for example, transporting hydrocarbons or offshore floating storage or both.

The use of floating vessels for the first reservoir and/or pump and/or generator may minimize the permitting and/or approvals required due to, for example, pre-existing permitting for carrier vessels.

The floating vessels may connect to the buoy by means of a Turret and Swivel Stack, which may be located on the floating vessel. A turret and swivel stack may allows ships to rotate to face the wind or otherwise move while being interconnected a low density liquid pipeline and/or subsea electric cable.

FIG. 79: The present figure comprises the embodiment in FIG. 78. The present figure shows the present embodiment at a nearly fully charged state.

FIG. 80: The present figure comprises the embodiment in FIG. 78. The present figure shows the present embodiment discharging or generating electricity.

FIG. 81: The present figure comprises the embodiment in FIG. 78. The present figure shows the present embodiment at a nearly fully discharged state.

FIG. 82: The present figure shows an embodiment where the first reservoir (“1”) and/or pump (“4”) and/or generator (“4”) is located in a floating vessel (“16”). The present figure may show an embodiment where a floating vessel is capable of connecting to a subsea low density liquid pipeline (“3”) and a subsea electrical cable (“15”) by a combined buoy (“LX”). Said combined buoy may be capable of connecting to and/or disconnecting from the floating vessel. Said combined buoy may simplify the connection and/or disconnection process between the floating vessel and the combined buoy. In the present figure, the combined buoy may be shown disconnected from the floating carrier.

FIG. 83: The present figure may comprise the same embodiment as FIG. 82. In the present figure, the combined buoy may be shown connected to the floating carrier.

FIG. 84: An electricity storage system with a surface low density liquid tank (‘1’), an underwater rigid tank (‘2’), a bladder sub-tank configured to store low density liquid (‘10’), and a surface water tank (‘6’).

The present embodiment at a nearly fully discharged state.

FIG. 85: The present embodiment comprises the embodiment in FIG. 84.

The present embodiment storing electricity (‘charging’). Low density liquid is pumped (‘4’) from the surface low density liquid tank (‘1’), through a pipe (‘3’), to the underwater rigid tank (‘2’), displacing water from the underwater rigid tank (‘2’). The displaced water travels through a pipe (‘7’) into surface water tank (‘6’).

FIG. 86: The present embodiment comprises the embodiment in FIG. 84. The present embodiment at a nearly fully discharged state.

FIG. 87: The present embodiment comprises the embodiment in FIG. 84.

An electricity storage system generating electricity (‘discharging’). Water in the surface water tank (‘6’) is transferred through a pipe (‘7’) into the underwater rigid tank (‘2’), where it is allowed to displace low density liquid in the underwater rigid tank (‘2’). The displaced low density liquid travels through a pipe (‘3’), through a generator (‘4’), to the surface tank (‘1’).

FIGURE KEYS

Please note: Drawing or figures are not drawn to scale.

FIGS. 39-43, 68 Key 1 A first storage reservoir. A surface storage reservoir. A reservoir at a higher elevation than the second reservoir. A storage tank which is configured to store low density liquid. The storage tank may be rigid, or a bladder tank, or a combination thereof. The storage tank may be pressurized. The low density liquid inside the storage tank may comprise a liquid, a pressurized liquid, a gas- liquid, a liquid and head space gases comprising liquid vapor pressure, or a combination thereof. 2 Second storage reservoir. The second storage reservoir in the present FIGURE may be configured to store low density liquid. The second storage reservoir may possess a pressure inside the storage tank which is near the same as the hydrostatic pressure of the water at the same depth as the second storage reservoir. The second storage reservoir may be buoyant and may float above the ocean floor. The second storage reservoir may be anchored or tethered or both to the ocean floor and may be suspended above the ocean floor. The pressure inside the second storage reservoir may be at equilibrium with the hydrostatic pressure of water at the water depth of the second storage reservoir. In the present FIGURE, ‘2’ may comprise an expandable or collapsible tank, which may comprise, for example, a bladder tank or piston tank or membrane tank or a combination thereof. 3 A pipe, which may comprise a pipeline for transferring low density liquid between the first and second storage reservoirs during storing electricity or ‘charging’ and during generating electricity or ‘discharging’. The pipe may be capable of handling the pressure difference between the low density liquid inside the pipe and the pressure surrounding the pipe. Said pressure difference may be at its maximum near the pump/generator, ‘4’, and at its minimum near the second reservoir, ‘2’. It may be desirable to optimize the cost of the pipe, by, for example, making the wall thickness and/or maximum pressure capacity of the pipe greater near the surface and less as the pipe approaches the second reservoir. It is important to note the pipe may be located on the sea floor, which is not shown in the present FIGURE. 4 Pump/generator. A pump and/or generator unit. ‘4’ may comprise a Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT), which can reversibly function as both a pump and a generator. ‘4’ may function as the pump and/or generator for the low density liquid. 5 A valve or control system, which may be employed to stop or start or limit or adjust the flow of low density liquid to the generator. Alternatively, or additionally, ‘5’ may comprise an emergency shutoff valve, which may close in the event of a disruption or breach. Land Land, which may comprise both land above and below the ocean. Land may comprise a solid. Ocean Ocean may comprise liquid water located in the ocean. Electricity Electricity may present the flow of electricity to or from the system. If the electricity arrow is pointing toward ‘4’, the system may be storing electricity, by, for example, pumping low density liquid from the first reservoir to the second reservoir. Electricity may be supplied from one or more or a combination of sources, which may include, but are not limited to, an electricity grid, a power generation source, or other sources of electricity. If the electricity arrow is pointing away from ‘4’, the system may be generating or discharging electricity, by, for example, allowing low density liquid from the second reservoir to pass through a generator, generating electricity, and into the first reservoir. Electricity may be supplied to one or more or a combination of applications requiring electricity, which may include, but are not limited to, an electricity grid, a commercial demand, a residential demand, an industrial demand, a transportation demand, or other application for electricity. C The dashed lines may represent a label. ‘C’ may be labeling or representing the tethering or anchoring or mooring or a combination thereof of the second reservoir to the ocean floor. The second reservoir may be buoyant and mechanisms, such as mechanisms represented by ‘C’, may be employed to suspend the second reservoir above the ocean floor and/or prevent the second reservoir from floating to the ocean surface. CB The dashed lines may represent a label. ‘CB’ may be labeling or representing a containment barrier or cover, which may cover over at least a portion of the second reservoir. Said containment barrier or cover may capture low density liquid or derivatives of low density liquid in the event of a breach or accidental release of low density liquid from the second reservoir. CB may enable the recovery of said low density liquid in the event of a breach.

FIGS. 44-45 Key 6 ‘6’ may represent a rigid tank comprising a third reservoir configured to store water. In FIG. 45, the number ‘6’ may be located in the portion of the third reservoir containing water. ‘6’ may alternatively represent a rigid tank configured to store a non-volatile or low volatility liquid or low vapor pressure liquid. A ‘A’ and the line surrounding ‘A’ may comprise a label. ‘A’ may be a label for a condensed gas, which may be floating on the surface of the water inside the third reservoir. A condensed gas may be at a liquid phase and may be practically insoluble in water. A condensed gas may possess a sufficient vapor pressure to ensure the pressure inside the third reservoir or rigid water tank is close to the pressure outside the third reservoir or rigid water tank. A condensed gas may possess a sufficient vapor pressure to ensure the pressure inside the third reservoir or rigid water tank is greater than or equal to the pressure outside the third reservoir or rigid water tank. A condensed gas may possess a sufficient vapor pressure to ensure the pressure inside the third reservoir or rigid water tank is greater than or equal to the pressure outside the third reservoir or rigid water tank while water is emptied from the tank. A condensed gas may be condensable to ensure, for example, the pressure inside the water tank remains relatively consistent while water is added to the tank or while the tank is being filled with water. The pressure inside the tank may remain relatively close to the vapor pressure of the condensable gas at the temperature of the tank. B ‘B’ and the line surrounding ‘B’ may comprise a label. ‘B’ may be a label for the gas phase of a condensable gas and may comprise the headspace of a rigid water tank or a third reservoir water tank. If a portion of water is added to the tank, ‘B’ may be compressed to a pressure equal to or greater than the vapor pressure of ‘B’, which may result in a portion of ‘B’ condensing on the surface of the water, forming additional condensed gas, or ‘A’. If a portion of water is emptied or removed from the tank, the pressure of ‘B’ may be reduced to equal to or less than the vapor pressure of ‘B’, which may result in a portion of ‘A’ vaporizing or boiling, forming additional ‘B’. The equilibrium between ‘A’ and ‘B’ may be employed to ensure the water tank possesses a relatively consistent internal pressure regardless of whether the water tank is filling with water, emptying of water, or the water tank is at a steady volume of water.

FIGS. 46-53 Key 1 ‘1’ may comprise a first reservoir, which may comprise a reservoir at a higher elevation than a second reservoir. ‘1’ may comprise a tank configured to store a low density liquid. ‘1’ may comprise a pressurized tank, if, for example, the low density liquid possesses a significant vapor pressure or a vapor pressure equal to or greater than the pressure adjacent to the tank. 2 ‘2’ may comprise the second storage reservoir. ‘2’ may be located at a lower elevation or at a deeper water depth than the first reservoir. ‘2’ may be configured to store both water and/or low density liquid. ‘2’ may be configured to prevent water from directly contacting low density liquid, while enabling water and low density liquid to exchange pressure. 2’ may be configured to prevent water from mixing with low density liquid or prevent low density liquid from dispersing in water or vice versa, while enabling water and low density liquid to exchange pressure. The second reservoir may possess an inside pressure which is near or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of the water at the same depth as the second storage reservoir. 3 A pipe, which may comprise a pipeline for transferring low density liquid between the first and second storage reservoirs during storing electricity or ‘charging’ and during generating electricity or ‘discharging’. The pipe may be capable of handling the pressure difference between the low density liquid inside the pipe and the pressure surrounding the pipe. Said pressure difference may be at its maximum near the pump/generator, ‘4’, and at its minimum near the second reservoir, ‘2’. It may be desirable to optimize the cost of the pipe, by, for example, making the wall thickness and/or maximum pressure capacity of the pipe greater near the surface and less as the pipe approaches the second reservoir. The pipeline may comprise the same pipeline material or wall thickness or both for the full length of the pipeline if desired. It is important to note the pipe may be located on the sea floor, which is not shown in the present FIGURE. ‘3’ may comprise one or more or a combination of pipes. ‘3’ may comprise onshore and/ or offshore pipeline. ‘3’ may be located on the seafloor. 4 Pump/generator. A pump and/or generator unit. ‘4’ may comprise a Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT), which can reversibly function as both a pump and a generator. ‘4’ may function as the pump and/or generator for the low density liquid. One or more or a combination of pump/generator units. Low density liquid may comprise the hydraulic fluid in the pump/generator, which may comprise a HPRT unit. 5 A valve or control system, which may be employed to stop or start or limit or adjust the flow of low density liquid to the generator. Alternatively, or additionally, ‘5’ may comprise an emergency shutoff valve, which may close in the event of a disruption or breach. 8 A third reservoir which stores water. In the present embodiment, the third reservoir may comprise an external water tank which possesses an internal pressure near the pressure water at the depth of the external water tank and/or second reservoir. The external water reservoir may comprise a bladder tank or a floating bladder tank. The external water tank may be interconnected to the second reservoir via a pipe. The third reservoir may store water displaced by low density liquid during charging and provide water to displace low density liquid during discharging. 9 A water pipe. ‘9’ may comprise a water pipe which interconnect the external water reservoir, ‘8’, to the second reservoir. Land Land, which may comprise both land above and below the ocean. Land may comprise a solid. Ocean Ocean may comprise liquid water located in the ocean. Electricity Electricity may present the flow of electricity to or from the system. If the electricity arrow is pointing toward ‘4’, the system may be storing electricity, by, for example, pumping low density liquid from the first reservoir to the second reservoir. Electricity may be supplied from one or more or a combination of sources, which may include, but are not limited to, an electricity grid, a power generation source, or other sources of electricity. If the electricity arrow is pointing away from ‘4’, the system may be generating or discharging electricity, by, for example, allowing low density liquid from the second reservoir to pass through a generator, generating electricity, and into the first reservoir. Electricity may be supplied to one or more or a combination of applications requiring electricity, which may include, but are not limited to, an electricity grid, a commercial demand, a residential demand, an industrial demand, a transportation demand, or other application for electricity. S ‘S’ and the dashed lines may comprise a label. ‘S’ may label a separator or physical barrier which may prevent or minimize the mixing or direct contact or both between low density liquid and water in the second reservoir. ‘S’ may comprise a solid or a liquid. ‘S’ may comprise a medium with a density greater than low density liquid and less than water.‘S’ may comprise a flexible solid. ‘S’ may comprise a floating barrier. ‘S’ may comprise a fabric or liner. ‘S’ may comprise low density liquid-water hydrates, which may be a solid. ‘S’ may comprise a piston. ‘S’ may possess a density greater than both water and low density liquid and/or may comprise a component attached internally to a rigid tank comprising the second reservoir. ‘S’ may comprise an internal sub-tank, which may be located inside a rigid tank and may be employed to store low density liquid or water or both.

FIGS. 54-57, 69, 84-87 Key 1 ‘1’ may comprise a first reservoir, which may comprise a reservoir at a higher elevation than a second reservoir. ‘1’ may comprise a tank configured to store a low density liquid. ‘1’ may comprise a pressurized tank, if, for example, the low density liquid possesses a significant vapor pressure or a vapor pressure equal to or greater than the pressure adjacent to the tank. 2 ‘2’ may comprise the second storage reservoir. ‘2’ may be located at a lower elevation or at a deeper water depth than the first reservoir. ‘2’ may be configured to store both water and/or low density liquid. ‘2’ may be configured to prevent water from directly contacting low density liquid, while enabling water and low density liquid to exchange pressure. 2’ may be configured to prevent water from mixing with low density liquid or prevent low density liquid from dispersing in water or vice versa, while enabling water and low density liquid to exchange pressure. The second reservoir may possess an inside pressure which is near or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of the water at the same depth as the second storage reservoir. The second storage reservoir may be rigid in construction. In the present FIGURE, the low density liquid and/or water inside the second storage reservoir may be mechanically isolated from the ocean water adjacent to or outside the second storage reservoir. 3 A pipe, which may comprise a pipeline for transferring low density liquid between the first and second storage reservoirs during storing electricity or ‘charging’ and during generating electricity or ‘discharging’. The pipe may be capable of handling the pressure difference between the low density liquid inside the pipe and the pressure surrounding the pipe. Said pressure difference may be at its maximum near the pump/generator, ‘4’, and at its minimum near the second reservoir, ‘2’. It may be desirable to optimize the cost of the pipe, by, for example, making the wall thickness and/or maximum pressure capacity of the pipe greater near the surface and less as the pipe approaches the second reservoir. It is important to note the pipe may be located on the sea floor, which is not shown in the present FIGURE. ‘3’ may comprise one or more or a combination of pipes. ‘3’ may comprise onshore and/or offshore pipeline. ‘3’ may be located on the seafloor. 4 Pump/generator. A pump and or generator unit. ‘4’ may comprise a Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT), which can reversibly function as both a pump and a generator. ‘4’ may function as the pump and/or generator for the low density liquid. One or more or a combination of pump/generator units. Low density liquid may comprise the hydraulic fluid in the pump/generator, which may comprise a HPRT unit. 5 A valve or control system, which may be employed to stop or start or limit or adjust the flow of low density liquid to the generator. Alternatively, or additionally, ‘5’ may comprise an emergency shutoff valve, which may close in the event of a disruption or breach. 6 A third reservoir. In the present FIGURE, the third reservoir may be located on the surface or on the ocean or above the ocean or on land or at a higher elevation than the second reservoir or a combination thereof. In the present embodiment, the third reservoir may comprise a bladder tank or a rigid tank or a combination thereof. In the present FIGURE, the third reservoir may comprise a rigid tank. In the present FIGURE, the third reservoir may be configured similar to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 44 and 45. The pressure inside the third reservoir in the present FIGURE may be near or equal to the pressure outside the third reservoir or the pressure inside the third reservoir may be within 5 atm or within 10 atm of the pressure outside the third reservoir. 7 A pipe, which may comprise a pipeline for transferring water between the first and third storage reservoirs during storing electricity or ‘charging’ and during generating electricity or ‘discharging’. The water in the pipe may comprise a similar density or the same density as the ocean water outside the pipe, which may enable a minimal pressure difference between the inside and outside of the pipe and may reduce pipe material cost. It is important to note the pipe may be located on the sea floor, which is not shown in the present FIGURE. ‘7’ may comprise one or more or a combination of pipes. ‘7’ may comprise onshore and/ or offshore pipeline. ‘7’ may be located on the seafloor. Land Land, which may comprise both land above and below the ocean. Land may comprise a solid. Ocean Ocean may comprise liquid water located in the ocean. Electricity Electricity may present the flow of electricity to or from the system. If the electricity arrow is pointing toward ‘4’, the system may be storing electricity, by, for example, pumping low density liquid from the first reservoir to the second reservoir. Electricity may be supplied from one or more or a combination of sources, which may include, but are not limited to, an electricity grid, a power generation source, or other sources of electricity. If the electricity arrow is pointing away from ‘4’, the system may be generating or discharging electricity, by, for example, allowing low density liquid from the second reservoir to pass through a generator, generating electricity, and into the first reservoir. Electricity may be supplied to one or more or a combination of applications requiring electricity, which may include, but are not limited to, an electricity grid, a commercial demand, a residential demand, an industrial demand, a transportation demand, or other application for electricity. CB The dashed lines may represent a label. ‘CB’ may be labeling or representing a containment barrier or cover, which may cover over at least a portion of the second reservoir. Said containment barrier or cover may capture low density liquid or derivatives of low density liquid in the event of a breach or accidental release of low density liquid from the second reservoir. CB may enable the recovery of said low density liquid in the event of a breach.

FIGS. 58-61, 67 Key 1 ‘1’ may comprise a first reservoir, which may comprise a reservoir at a higher elevation than a second reservoir. ‘1’ may comprise a tank configured to store a low density liquid. ‘1’ may comprise a pressurized tank, if, for example, the low density liquid possesses a significant vapor pressure or a vapor pressure equal to or greater than the pressure adjacent to the tank. 2 ‘2’ may comprise the second storage reservoir. ‘2’ may be located at a lower elevation or at a deeper water depth than the first reservoir. ‘2’ may be configured to store both water and/or low density liquid. ‘2’ may be configured to prevent water from directly contacting low density liquid, while enabling water and low density liquid to exchange pressure. ‘2’ may be configured to prevent water from mixing with low density liquid or prevent low density liquid from dispersing in water or vice versa, while enabling water and low density liquid to exchange pressure. A sub-tank may be located inside ‘2’ which stores low density liquid or water. In the present FIGURE, the sub-tank stores low density liquid. The sub-tank may comprise a membrane or flexible liner. The subtank may comprise a bladder tank, which may be entirely contained within the rigid tank. The sub-tank may be attached to the inside walls of a rigid tank. The subtank may be connected to directly to the low density liquid pipe, ‘3’, and/or directly connected to the inside or outside walls of the rigid tank. The second reservoir may possess an inside pressure which is near or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of the water at the same depth as the second storage reservoir. 3 A pipe, which may comprise a pipeline for transferring low density liquid between the first and second storage reservoirs during storing electricity or ‘charging’ and during generating electricity or ‘discharging’. The pipe may be capable of handling the pressure difference between the low density liquid inside the pipe and the pressure surrounding the pipe. Said pressure difference may be at its maximum near the pump/generator, ‘4’, and at its minimum near the second reservoir, ‘2’. It may be desirable to optimize the cost of the pipe, by, for example, making the wall thickness and/or maximum pressure capacity of the pipe greater near the surface and less as the pipe approaches the second reservoir. The pipeline may comprise the same pipeline material or wall thickness or both for the full length of the pipeline if desired. It is important to note the pipe may be located on the sea floor, which is not shown in the present FIGURE. ‘3’ may comprise one or more or a combination of pipes. ‘3’ may comprise onshore and/ or offshore pipeline. ‘3’ may be located on the seafloor. 4 Pump/generator. A pump and/or generator unit. ‘4’ may comprise a Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT), which can reversibly function as both a pump and a generator. ‘4’ may function as the pump and/or generator for the low density liquid. One or more or a combination of pump/generator units. Low density liquid may comprise the hydraulic fluid in the pump/generator, which may comprise a HPRT unit. 5 A valve or control system, which may be employed to stop or start or limit or adjust the flow of low density liquid to the generator. Alternatively, or additionally, ‘5’ may comprise an emergency shutoff valve, which may close in the event of a disruption or breach. 8 A third reservoir which stores water. In the present embodiment, the third reservoir may comprise an external water tank which possesses an internal pressure near the pressure water at the depth of the external water tank and/or second reservoir. The external water reservoir may comprise a bladder tank or a floating bladder tank. The external water tank may be interconnected to the second reservoir via a pipe. The third reservoir may store water displaced by low density liquid during charging and provide water to displace low density liquid during discharging. 9 A water pipe. ‘9’ may comprise a water pipe which interconnect the external water reservoir, ‘8’, to the second reservoir. 10 A subtank, which may be located on the inside of the second reservoir or the second reservoir comprising a rigid tank. ‘10’ may be directly connected to the low density liquid pipeline, ‘3’, and/or may be directly connected to the internal and/or external wall of the second reservoir or the second reservoir comprising a rigid tank. ‘10’ may comprise a sub-tank for storing low density liquid within the second reservoir. ‘10’ may be configured such that if there were a breach in ‘10’, low density liquid would be contained within the internal walls of the second reservoir. 10’ may be configured such that if there were a breach in '8', low density liquid would remain in the second storage reservoir and the system may continue operability. Said subtank may comprise liner or membrane. Said subtank may comprise a bladder tank, or a piston tank, or an expandable or collapsible tank or a combination thereof. Land Land, which may comprise both land above and below the ocean. Land may comprise a solid. Ocean Ocean may comprise liquid water located in the ocean. Electricity Electricity may present the flow of electricity to or from the system. If the electricity arrow is pointing toward ‘4’, the system may be storing electricity, by, for example, pumping low density liquid from the first reservoir to the second reservoir. Electricity may be supplied from one or more or a combination of sources, which may include, but are not limited to, an electricity grid, a power generation source, or other sources of electricity. If the electricity arrow is pointing away from ‘4’, the system may be generating or discharging electricity, by, for example, allowing low density liquid from the second reservoir to pass through a generator, generating electricity, and into the first reservoir. Electricity may be supplied to one or more or a combination of applications requiring electricity, which may include, but are not limited to, an electricity grid, a commercial demand, a residential demand, an industrial demand, a transportation demand, or other application for electricity. CB The dashed lines may represent a label. ‘CB’ may be labeling or representing a containment barrier or cover, which may cover over at least a portion of the second reservoir. Said containment barrier or cover may capture low density liquid or derivatives of low density liquid in the event of a breach or accidental release of low density liquid from the second reservoir. CB may enable the recovery of said low density liquid in the event of a breach.

FIGS. 62-66 Key 1 ‘1’ may comprise a first reservoir, which may comprise a reservoir at a higher elevation than a second reservoir. ‘1’ may comprise a tank configured to store a low density liquid. ‘1’ may comprise a pressurized tank, if, for example, the low density liquid possesses a significant vapor pressure or a vapor pressure equal to or greater than the pressure adjacent to the tank. 2 ‘2’ may comprise the second storage reservoir. ‘2’ may be located at a lower elevation or at a deeper water depth than the first reservoir. ‘2’ may be configured to store both water and/or low density liquid. ‘2’ may be configured to prevent water from directly contacting low density liquid, while enabling water and low density liquid to exchange pressure. ‘2’ may be configured to prevent water from mixing with low density liquid or prevent low density liquid from dispersing in water or vice versa, while enabling water and low density liquid to exchange pressure. A sub-tank may be located inside ‘2’ which stores low density liquid. In the present FIGURE, the sub-tank stores low density liquid. The sub-tank may comprise a membrane or flexible liner. The subtank may comprise a bladder tank, which may be entirely contained within the rigid tank. The sub-tank may be attached to the inside walls of a rigid tank. The subtank may be connected to directly to the low density liquid pipe, ‘3’, and/or directly connected to the inside or outside walls of the rigid tank. The embodiment may employ a second reservoir which is interconnected directly or in fluid communication with open ocean. For example, the present embodiment may involve a second reservoir with a port or pipe or a combination thereof open to the ocean. Said port or pipe may contain a flow control mechanism, such as a valve, which may close or narrow or open or a combination thereof if desired. Said flow control mechanism may enable the second storage reservoir to close or isolate its internal contents in the event of or before, for example, a breach of the subtank (‘10’) or adverse environment or surrounding conditions or as a preventative measure. In the present embodiment, the open ocean may be considered the ‘third reservoir’. The second reservoir may contain sensors or other mechanisms for detecting a leak or breach of the subtank or rigid tank or an accidental release or leak or breach of low density liquid. The second reservoir may contain mechanisms for containing or preventing release of low density liquid, which may be activated or initiated passively or automatically or with input from an operator or a combination thereof. Deep ocean water may contain low dissolved oxygen concentration levels, which may prevent or minimize corrosion or biofouling or scaling on one or more components or system inside or connected to the second reservoir. The second reservoir may possess an inside pressure which is near or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of the water at the same depth as the second storage reservoir. 3 A pipe, which may comprise a pipeline for transferring low density liquid between the first and second storage reservoirs during storing electricity or ‘charging’ and during generating electricity or ‘discharging’. The pipe may be capable of handling the pressure difference between the low density liquid inside the pipe and the pressure surrounding the pipe. Said pressure difference may be at its maximum near the pump/generator, ‘4’, and at its minimum near the second reservoir, ‘2’. It may be desirable to optimize the cost of the pipe, by, for example, making the wall thickness and/or maximum pressure capacity of the pipe greater near the surface and less as the pipe approaches the second reservoir. The pipeline may comprise the same pipeline material or wall thickness or both for the full length of the pipeline if desired. It is important to note the pipe may be located on the sea floor, which is not shown in the present FIGURE. ‘3’ may comprise one or more or a combination of pipes. ‘3’ may comprise onshore and/ or offshore pipeline. ‘3’ may be located on the seafloor. 4 Pump/generator. A pump and/or generator unit. ‘4’ may comprise a Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT), which can reversibly function as both a pump and a generator. ‘4’ may function as the pump and/or generator for the low density liquid. One or more or a combination of pump/generator units. Low density liquid may comprise the hydraulic fluid in the pump/generator, which may comprise a HPRT unit. 5 A valve or control system, which may be employed to stop or start or limit or adjust the flow of low density liquid to the generator. Alternatively, or additionally, ‘5’ may comprise an emergency shutoff valve, which may close in the event of a disruption or breach. 11 A pipe or port or a combination thereof which enables transfer of ocean water between, for example, the inside and outside of the second storage reservoir. ‘11’ may contain one or more or a combination of fluid control mechanisms, such as valves, or flow meters, or flow rate controllers. One of the openings of ‘11’ may be located near the bottom of the second reservoir to, for example, prevent low density liquid from entering ‘11’ in the event of an accidental release or breach of the subtank within the second reservoir. Land Land, which may comprise both land above and below the ocean. Land may comprise a solid. Ocean Ocean may comprise liquid water located in the ocean. Electricity Electricity may present the flow of electricity to or from the system. If the electricity arrow is pointing toward ‘4’, the system may be storing electricity, by, for example, pumping low density liquid from the first reservoir to the second reservoir. Electricity may be supplied from one or more or a combination of sources, which may include, but are not limited to, an electricity grid, a power generation source, or other sources of electricity. If the electricity arrow is pointing away from ‘4’, the system may be generating or discharging electricity, by, for example, allowing low density liquid from the second reservoir to pass through a generator, generating electricity, and into the first reservoir. Electricity may be supplied to one or more or a combination of applications requiring electricity, which may include, but are not limited to, an electricity grid, a commercial demand, a residential demand, an industrial demand, a transportation demand, or other application for electricity. CB The dashed lines may represent a label. ‘CB’ may be labeling or representing a containment barrier or cover, which may cover over at least a portion of the second reservoir. Said containment barrier or cover may capture low density liquid or derivatives of low density liquid in the event of a breach or accidental release of low density liquid from the second reservoir. CB may enable the recovery of said low density liquid in the event of a breach.

FIGS. 70-73 Key 1 ‘1’ may comprise a first reservoir, which may comprise a reservoir at a higher elevation than a second reservoir. ‘1’ may comprise a tank configured to store a low density liquid. ‘1’ may comprise a pressurized tank, if, for example, the low density liquid possesses a significant vapor pressure or a vapor pressure equal to or greater than the pressure adjacent to the tank. 2 Second reservoir which may be configured to contain water and low density liquid. A rigid structure. May comprise a tank. May comprise a rigid tank with an opening or port or pipe or a combination thereof interconnected with the ocean. May comprise a compartment or concave structure or containment structure. The second reservoir may be configured to store water and low density liquid. The second reservoir may be configured to comprise a subtank configured to store low density liquid. Said subtank may be water tight. Said subtank may be directly connected to the low density liquid pipe (‘3’). The second reservoir may be configured to contain or prevent release of low density liquid into the surrounding ocean in the event of, for example, a breach of the subtank or release of low density liquid or a combination thereof. 3 A pipe, which may comprise a pipeline for transferring low density liquid between the first and second storage reservoirs during storing electricity or ‘charging’ and during generating electricity or ‘discharging’. The pipe may be capable of handling the pressure difference between the low density liquid inside the pipe and the pressure surrounding the pipe. Said pressure difference may be at its maximum near the pump/generator, ‘4’, and at its minimum near the second reservoir, ‘2’. It may be desirable to optimize the cost of the pipe, by, for example, making the wall thickness and/or maximum pressure capacity of the pipe greater near the surface and less as the pipe approaches the second reservoir. The pipeline may comprise the same pipeline material or wall thickness or both for the full length of the pipeline if desired. ‘3’ may comprise one or more or a combination of pipes. ‘3’ may comprise onshore and/or offshore pipeline. 4 Pump/generator. A pump and/or generator unit. ‘4’ may comprise a Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT), which can reversibly function as both a pump and a generator. ‘4’ may function as the pump and/or generator for the low density liquid. One or more or a combination of pump/generator units. Low density liquid may comprise the hydraulic fluid in the pump/generator, which may comprise a HPRT unit. 5 A subtank, which may be located on the inside of the second reservoir or the second reservoir comprising a rigid tank. ‘5’ may be directly connected to the low density liquid pipeline, ‘3’, and/or may be directly connected to the internal and/or external wall of the second reservoir or the second reservoir comprising a rigid tank. ‘5’ may comprise a sub-tank for storing low density liquid within the second reservoir. ‘5’ may be configured such that if there were a breach in ‘5’, low density liquid would be contained within the internal walls of the second reservoir. Said subtank may comprise liner or membrane. Said subtank may comprise a bladder tank, or a piston tank, or an expandable or collapsible tank or a combination thereof. Land Land, which may comprise both land above and below the ocean. Land may comprise a solid. Ocean Ocean may comprise liquid water located in the ocean. Electricity Electricity may present the flow of electricity to or from the system. If the electricity arrow is pointing toward ‘4’, the system may be storing electricity, by, for example, pumping low density liquid from the first reservoir to the second reservoir. Electricity may be supplied from one or more or a combination of sources, which may include, but are not limited to, an electricity grid, a power generation source, or other sources of electricity. If the electricity arrow is pointing away from ‘4’, the system may be generating or discharging electricity, by, for example, allowing low density liquid from the second reservoir to pass through a generator, generating electricity, and into the first reservoir. Electricity may be supplied to one or more or a combination of applications requiring electricity, which may include, but are not limited to, an electricity grid, a commercial demand, a residential demand, an industrial demand, a transportation demand, or other application for electricity.

Figures 74-77 Key 1 ‘1’ may comprise a first reservoir, which may comprise a reservoir at a higher elevation than a second reservoir. ‘1’ may comprise a tank configured to store a low density liquid. In the present figure, the first reservoir may be located underwater. The first reservoir may be a rigid tank. The low density liquid in the first reservoir may possess a vapor pressure about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of the water at the same depth of the first reservoir at the temperature of the low density liquid and/or the temperature of the water at the same depth as the first reservoir. The vapor pressure may be within 10 atm of the pressure of the hydrostatic pressure of the water at the depth of the first reservoir. The underwater depth of the first reservoir may be sufficiently deep to ensure the first reservoir allows boat traffic (if any) travel above it. The underwater depth of the first reservoir may be sufficiently deep to prevent or minimize the presence of ocean currents, ocean waves, or other potentially damaging elements. The underwater depth of the first reservoir may be sufficiently deep to ensure the temperature surrounding the tank is consistently below a certain temperature range to, for example, ensure the vapor pressure of the low-density liquid is below a pre-designed pressure range. The first reservoir may comprise a bladder tank. The first reservoir may possess about the same pressure inside the tank as the hydrostatic of water at the same ocean water depth or a vapor pressure less than the hydrostatic of water at the same ocean water depth. 2 ‘2’ may comprise the second storage reservoir. ‘2’ may be located at a lower elevation or at a deeper water depth than the first reservoir. ‘2’ may be configured to store both water and/or low density liquid. ‘2’ may be configured to prevent water from directly contacting low density liquid, while enabling water and low density liquid to exchange pressure.‘2’ may be configured to prevent water from mixing with low density liquid or prevent low density liquid from dispersing in water or vice versa, while enabling water and low density liquid to exchange pressure. A sub-tank may be located inside ‘2’ which stores low density liquid. In the present figure, the sub-tank stores low density liquid. The sub-tank may comprise a membrane or flexible liner. The subtank may comprise a bladder tank, which may be entirely contained within the rigid tank. The sub-tank may be attached to the inside walls of a rigid tank. The subtank may be connected to directly to the low density liquid pipe, ‘3’, and / or directly connected to the inside or outside walls of the rigid tank. The embodiment may employ a second reservoir which is interconnected directly or in fluid communication with open ocean. For example, the present embodiment may involve a second reservoir with a port or pipe or a combination thereof open to the ocean. Said port or pipe may contain a flow control mechanism, such as a valve, which may close or narrow or open or a combination thereof if desired. Said flow control mechanism may enable the second storage reservoir to close or isolate its internal contents in the event of or before, for example, a breach of the subtank (‘5’) or adverse environment or surrounding conditions or as a preventative measure. In the present embodiment, the open ocean may be considered the 'third reservoir'. The second reservoir may contain sensors or other mechanisms for detecting a leak or breach of the subtank or rigid or an accidental release or leak or tank breach of low density liquid. The second reservoir may contain mechanisms for containing or preventing release of low density liquid, which may be activated or initiated passively or automatically or with input from an operator or a combination thereof. Deep ocean water may contain low dissolved oxygen concentration levels, which may prevent or minimize corrosion or biofouling or scaling on one or more components or system inside or connected to the second reservoir. The second reservoir may possess an inside pressure which is near or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of the water at the same depth as the second storage reservoir. Note the dashed lines represent a label. 3 A pipe, which may comprise a pipeline for transferring low density liquid between the first and second storage reservoirs during storing electricity or ‘charging’' and during generating electricity or ‘discharging’. The pipe may be capable of handling the pressure difference between the low density liquid inside the pipe and the pressure surrounding the pipe. Said pressure difference may be at its maximum near the pump/generator, ‘3’, and at its minimum near the second reservoir, ‘2’. It may be desirable to optimize the cost of the pipe, by, for example, making the wall thickness and/or maximum pressure capacity of the pipe greater near the surface and less as the pipe approaches the second reservoir. The pipeline may comprise the same pipeline material or wall thickness or both for the full length of the pipeline if desired. ‘3’ may comprise one or more or a combination of pipes. In the present embodiment, ‘3’ may comprise an entirely offshore pipeline. Note the dashed lines represent a label. 4 Pump/generator. A pump and/or generator unit. ‘4’ may comprise a Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT), which can reversibly function as both a pump and a generator. ‘4’ may function as the pump and/or generator for the low density liquid. One or more or a combination of pump/generator units. Low density liquid may comprise the hydraulic fluid in the pump/generator. In the present embodiment, ‘4’ may be configured to operate underwater. 5 A subtank, which may be located on the inside of the second reservoir or the second reservoir comprising a rigid tank. ‘5’ may be directly connected to the low density liquid pipeline, ‘3’, and/ormay be directly connected to the internal and/or external wall of the second reservoir or the second reservoir comprising a rigid tank. ‘5’ may comprise a sub-tank for storing low density liquid within the second reservoir. ‘5’ may be configured such that if there were a breach in ‘5’, low density liquid would be contained within the internal walls of the second reservoir. Said subtank may comprise liner or membrane. Said subtank may comprise a bladder tank, or a piston tank, or an expandable or collapsible tank or a combination thereof. 13 A power source or a power demand source or both. For example, ‘13’ may comprise an electricity grid or an interconnection to an electricity grid or a combination thereof. 14 A power transmission station or power handling site. ‘14’ may comprise a control station or power control station or a combination thereof '14' may comprise a power interconnection between a subsea power cable and on-land power infrastructure. 15 A subsea electric power transmission cable. The subsea cable may transfer electricity to and from the pump/generator or first reservoir. The subsea cable may transfer electricity from one or more electricity sources, such as on-shore and/or offshore power sources, to the energy storage system. The subsea cable may transfer electricity from the energy storage system to one or more applications requiring electricity, which may be located onshore or offshore. Note the dashed lines represent a label. Land Land may comprise land, which may be above water or below water. The land may exist at various water depths and with various topographies. Ocean Ocean may comprise liquid water located in the ocean. E ‘E’ may represent electricity. Electricity may present the flow of electricity to or of sources, which may include, but are not limited to, an electricity grid, a power generation source, or other sources of electricity. Electricity may be supplied to one or more or a combination of applications requiring electricity, which may include, but are not limited to, an electricity grid, a commercial demand, a residential demand, an industrial demand, a transportation demand, or other application for electricity.

Figures 78-83 Key 1 ‘1’ may comprise a first reservoir, which may comprise a reservoir at a higher elevation than a second reservoir. ‘1’ may comprise a tank configured to store a low density liquid. In the present figure, the first reservoir may be located on or in a floating vessel (‘16’). The first reservoir may be configured similar to hydrocarbons storage or butane storage or LPG storage or propane storage or other low density liquids storage on ships. The first reservoir may be interconnected to a pump and/or generator (‘4’), which may be co-located on a floating vessel or on the same floating vessel or underwater or a combination thereof. 2 ‘2’ may comprise the second storage reservoir. ‘2’ may be located at a lower elevation or at a deeper water depth than the first reservoir. ‘2’ may be configured to store both water and/or low density liquid. ‘2’ may be configured to prevent water from directly contacting low density liquid, while enabling water and low density liquid to exchange pressure. ‘2’ may be configured to prevent water from mixing with low density liquid or prevent low density liquid from dispersing in water or vice versa, while enabling water and low density liquid to exchange pressure. A sub-tank may be located inside ‘2’ which stores low density liquid. In the present figure, the sub-tank stores low density liquid. The sub-tank may comprise a membrane or flexible liner. The subtank may comprise a bladder tank, which may be entirely contained within the rigid tank. The sub-tank may be attached to the inside walls of a rigid tank. The subtank may be connected to directly to the low density liquid pipe, ‘3’, and/or directly connected to the inside or outside walls of the rigid tank. The embodiment may employ a second reservoir which is interconnected directly or in fluid communication with open ocean. For example, the present embodiment may involve a second reservoir with a port or pipe or a combination thereof open to the ocean. Said port or pipe may contain a flow control mechanism, such as a valve, which may close or narrow or open or a combination thereof if desired. Said flow control mechanism may enable the second storage reservoir to close or isolate its internal contents in the event of or before, for example, a breach of the subtank (‘5’) or adverse environment or surrounding conditions or as a preventative measure. In the present embodiment, the open ocean may be considered the ‘third reservoir’. The second reservoir may contain sensors or other mechanisms for detecting a leak or breach of the subtank or rigid tank or an accidental release or leak or breach of low density liquid. The second reservoir may contain mechanisms for containing or preventing release of low density liquid, which may be activated or initiated passively or automatically or with input from an operator or a combination thereof. Deep ocean water may contain low dissolved oxygen concentration levels, which may prevent or minimize corrosion or biofouling or scaling on one or more components or system inside or connected to the second reservoir. The second reservoir may possess an inside pressure which is near or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of the water at the same depth as the second storage reservoir. Note the dashed lines represent a label. 3 A pipe, which may comprise a pipeline for transferring low density liquid between the first and second storage reservoirs during storing electricity or ‘charging’ and during generating electricity or ‘discharging’. The pipe may be capable of handling the pressure difference between the low density liquid inside the pipe and the pressure surrounding the pipe. Said pressure difference may be at its maximum near the pump/ generator, ‘4’, and at its minimum near the second reservoir, ‘2’. ‘3’ may include flow risers and/or an interconnected buoy (‘L’ or ‘LX’) to enable connection of ‘3’ to the pump/generator (‘4’) and the first reservoir (‘1’) on a floating vessel (‘16’). ‘3’ may interconnect low density liquid in the second reservoir with a surface buoy and/or with a floating vessel comprising a first storage reservoir. 4 Pump/generator. A pump and/or generator unit. ‘4’ may comprise a Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT), which can reversibly function as both a pump and a generator. ‘4’ may function as the pump and/or generator for the low density liquid. One or more or a combination of pump/generator units. Low density liquid may comprise the hydraulic fluid in the pump/generator. In the present embodiment, ‘4’ may be located ,on a floating vessel. 5 A subtank, which may be located on the inside of the second reservoir or the second reservoir comprising a rigid tank. ‘5’ may be directly connected to the low density liquid pipeline, ‘3’, and/or may be directly connected to the internal and/or external wall of the second reservoir or the second reservoir comprising a rigid tank. ‘5’ may comprise a sub-tank for storing low density liquid within the second reservoir. ‘5’ may be configured such that if there were a breach in ‘5’, low density liquid would be contained within the internal walls of the second reservoir. Said subtank may comprise liner or membrane. Said subtank may comprise a bladder tank, or a piston tank, or an expandable or collapsible tank or a combination thereof. 13 A power source or a power demand source or both. For example,‘13’ may comprise an electricity grid or an interconnection to an electricity grid or a combination thereof. 14 A power transmission station or power handling site. ‘14’ may comprise a control station or power control station or a combination thereof ‘14’ may comprise a power interconnection between a subsea power cable and on-land power infrastructure. 15 A subsea electric power transmission cable. The subsea cable may transfer electricity to and from the pump/generator or first reservoir. The subsea cable may transfer electricity from one or more electricity sources, such as on-shore and/or offshore power sources, to the energy storage system. The subsea cable may transfer electricity from the energy storage system to one or more applications requiring electricity, which may be located onshore or offshore. ‘15’ may include flow risers and/or an interconnected buoy (‘X’ or ‘LX’) to enable connection of ‘15’ to the pump/generator (‘4’) on a floating vessel (‘16’). Note the dashed lines represent a label. 16 A floating vessel comprising a first reservoir (‘1’) and/or a pump/generator (‘4’). The pump and/or generator may be configured to pump low density liquid and/or convert the hydraulic power of the low density liquid into electricity. ‘16’ may also comprise a connection and/or disconnection system to connect ‘L’ or ‘X’ or ‘LX’ and/or interconnect the low density liquid and electricity to the appropriate areas of ‘4’. ‘16’ may comprise a carrier ship or hydrocarbon carrier ship or a LPG carrier or a butane carrier or a hydrocarbon carrier or a retrofitted ship or a custom designed ship or a combination thereof. Land Land may comprise land, which may be above water or below water. The land may exist at various water depths and with various topographies. Ocean Ocean may comprise liquid water located in the ocean. E ‘E’ may represent electricity. Electricity may present the flow of electricity to or from the system. Electricity may be supplied from one or more or a combination of sources, which may nclude, but are not limited to, an electricity grid, a power generation source, or other sources of electricity. Electricity may be supplied to one or more or a combination of applications requiring electricity, which may include, but are not limited to, an electricity grid, a commercial demand, a residential demand, an industrial demand, a transportation demand, or other application for electricity. L ‘L’ may comprise a disconnectable buoy designed for the interconnection of a low density liquid pipeline to a floating vessel. ‘L’ may comprise flow control and flow interconnection mechanisms to enable, for example, connection and/or disconnection with a floating vessel. X ‘X’ may comprise a disconnectable buoy designed for the interconnection of a subsea power cable with a pump and/or generator located on a floating vessel. ‘X’ may comprise flow control and flow interconnection mechanisms to enable, for example, connection and/or disconnection with a floating vessel. LX ‘LX’ may comprise a disconnectable buoy designed to enable the interconnection of a low density liquid pipeline to a floating vessel and the interconnection of a subsea cable to a floating vessel. ‘LX’ may comprise a combined buoy in which both an interconnection system for a low density liquid pipeline and an interconnection system for a subsea power cable. are located ‘LX’ may comprise flow control and flow interconnection mechanisms to enable, for example, connection and/or disconnection with a floating vessel.

Figures 84-87 Key 1 ‘1’ may comprise a first reservoir, which may comprise a reservoir at a higher elevation than a second reservoir. ‘1’ may comprise a tank configured to store a low density liquid. ‘1’ may comprise a pressurized tank, if, for example, the low density liquid possesses a significant vapor pressure or a vapor pressure equal to or greater than the pressure adjacent to the tank. 2 ‘2’ may comprise the second storage reservoir. ‘2’ may be located at a lower elevation or at a deeper water depth than the first reservoir. ‘2’ may be configured to store both water and/or low density liquid. ‘2’ may be configured to prevent water from directly contacting low density liquid, while enabling water and low density liquid to exchange pressure. ‘2’ may be configured to prevent water from mixing with low density liquid or prevent low density liquid from dispersing in water or vice versa, while enabling water and low density liquid to exchange pressure. A sub-tank may be located inside ‘2’ which storeslow density liquid or water. In the present figure, the sub-tank stores low density liquid. The sub-tank may comprise a membrane or flexible liner. The subtank may comprise a bladder tank, which may be entirely contained within the rigid tank. The sub-tank may be attached to the inside walls of a rigid tank. The subtank may be connected to directly to the low density liquid pipe, ‘3’, and/or directly connected to the inside or outside walls of the rigid tank. The second reservoir may possess an inside pressure which is near or about the same as the hydrostatic pressure of the water at the same depth as the second storage reservoir. The second reservoir in the present embodiment may be mechanically isolated from the ocean at the water depth of the second reservoir. 3 A pipe, which may comprise a pipeline for transferring low density liquid between the first and second storage reservoirs during storing electricity or ,‘charging’ and during generating electricity or ‘discharging’. The pipe may be capable of handling the pressure difference between the low density liquid inside the pipe and the pressure surrounding the pipe. Said pressure difference may be at its maximum near the pump/generator, ‘4’, and at its minimum near the second reservoir, ‘2’. It may be desirable to optimize the cost of the pipe, by, for example, making the wall thickness and/or maximum pressure capacity of the pipe greater near the surface and less as the pipe approaches the second reservoir. The pipeline may comprise the same pipeline material or wall thickness or both for the full length of the pipeline if desired. It is important to note the pipe may be located on the sea floor, which is not shown in the present figure. ‘3’ may comprise one or more or a combination of pipes. ‘3’ may comprise onshore and/or offshore pipeline. ‘3’ may be located on the seafloor. 4 Pump/generator. A pump and/or generator unit. ‘4’ may comprise a Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT), which can reversibly function as both a pump and a generator. ‘4’ may function as the pump and/or generator for the low density liquid. One or more or a combination of pump/ generator units. Low density liquid may comprise the hydraulic fluid in the pump/generator, which may comprise a HPRT unit. 5 A valve or control system, which may be employed to stop or start or limit or adjust the flow of low density liquid to the generator. Alternatively, or additionally, ‘5’ may comprise an emergency shutoff valve, which may close in the event of a disruption or breach. 6 A third reservoir. In the present figure, the third reservoir may be located on the surface or on the ocean or above the ocean or on land or at a higher elevation than the second reservoir or a combination thereof. In the present embodiment, the third reservoir may comprise a bladder tank or a rigid tank or a combination thereof In the present figure, the third reservoir may comprise a rigid tank. In the present figure, the third reservoir may be configured similar to the embodiment hown in Figures 44 and 45. The pressure inside the third reservoir in the present figure may be near or equal to the pressure outside the third reservoir or the pressure inside the third reservoir may be within 5 atm or within 10 atm of the pressure outside the third reservoir. 7 A pipe, which may comprise a pipeline for transferring water between the first and third storage reservoirs during storing electricity or ‘charging’ and during generating electricity or ‘discharging’. The water in the pipe may comprise a similar density or the same density as the ocean water outside the pipe, which may enable a minimal pressure difference between the inside and outside of the pipe and may reduce pipe material cost. It is important to note the pipe may be located on the sea floor, which is not shown in the present figure. ‘7’ may comprise one or more or a combination of pipes. ‘7’ may comprise onshore and/or offshore pipeline. ‘7’ may be located on the seafloor. 10 A subtank, which may be located on the inside of the second reservoir or the second reservoir comprising a rigid tank. ‘10’ may be directly connected to the low density liquid pipeline, ‘3’, and/or may be directly connected to the internal and/or external wall of the second reservoir or the second reservoir comprising a rigid tank. ‘10’ may comprise a sub-tank for storing low density liquid within the second reservoir. ‘10’ may be configured such that if there were a breach in ‘10’, low density liquid would be contained within he internal walls of the second reservoir. Said subtank may comprise liner or membrane. Said subtank may comprise a bladder tank, or a piston tank, or an expandable or collapsible tank or a combination thereof Land Land, which may comprise both land above and below the ocean. Land may comprise a solid. Ocean Ocean may comprise liquid water located in the ocean. Electricity Electricity may present the flow of electricity to or from the system. If the electricity arrow is pointing toward ‘4’, the system may be storing electricity, by, for example, pumping low density liquid from the first reservoir to the second reservoir. Electricity may be supplied from one or more or a combination of sources, which may include, but are not limited to, an electricity grid, a power generation source, or other sources of electricity. If the electricity arrow is pointing away from ‘4’, the system may be generating or discharging electricity, by, for example, allowing low density liquid from the second reservoir to pass through a generator, generating electricity, and into the first reservoir. Electricity may be supplied to one or more or a combination of applications requiring electricity, which may include, but are not limited to, an electricity grid, a commercial demand, a residential demand, an industrial demand, a transportation demand, or other application for electricity.

ADDITIONAL DESCRIPTION

High Vapor Pressure Low Density Liquids and/or Subsea First Reservoir

There may be key advantages to placing the first reservoir underwater. For example, by placing the first reservoir underwater, a low density liquid possessing a high vapor pressure may be employed as the low density liquid working fluid. The system may be designed such that the underwater first reservoir is located at a water depth where the hydrostatic pressure of the water is close to the vapor pressure of the low density liquid at the temperature of the ocean water. By placing the tank at a water depth where the vapor pressure inside the underwater first reservoir is similar to the pressure of the water surrounding the first reservoir, the tank installed may require less pressure difference resistance and may possess relatively thinner walls or may be lower cost than a tank storing the same liquid on the surface. Also, advantageously, the temperature of water beneath the ocean may be relatively consistent depending on the climate and location, which my enable simpler prediction of low density liquid vapor pressure and/or design of tank pressure requirement and/or design water depth. Also, advantageously, the temperature of water beneath the ocean may be relatively consistently below a certain temperature range, which my enable simpler prediction of low density liquid vapor pressure and/or design of tank pressure requirement and/or design water depth.

As an example, liquid Ethane has a vapor pressure of 2807 kPa at 280° K and 4357 kPa at 300° K, which is equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure of water at about a 286 meter water depth and 445 meter water depth, respectively. The first reservoir and/or pump and/or generator may be placed at, for example, a water depth deeper than 150 meters deep and less deep than 500 meters deep. Ethane remains at a liquid phase, rather than a supercritical phase, below its critical point of 305.322° K. Advantageously, the temperature of ocean water at greater than 150 meter water depth, even in equatorial regions, is generally consistently less than 300° K, which may ensure ethane remains at a liquid phase rather than a supercritical phase. At its liquid phase, Ethane has a density of 304 kg/m³ at 300° K and 383 kg/m³ at 280° K. The present embodiment may be configured similar to the configuration of FIG. 74. Alternatively, or additionally, the present embodiment may be configured similar to FIG. 55, except where ‘1’, ‘6’, and/or ‘4’ are located underwater, although still at a higher elevation than ‘2’. Alternatively, or additionally, the present embodiment may be configured similar to other figures herein, although the first reservoir, or third reservoir, or pump/generator, or a combination thereof may be placed under the ocean in figures wherein the first reservoir, or third reservoir, or pump/generator, or a combination thereof may be shown above the ocean or on land adjacent to the ocean. Advantageously, liquid ethane may be more abundant and/or less expensive than other low density liquid options. Advantageously, liquid ethane may possess a lower density liquid than other low density liquid options.

Liquid-Liquid Displacement

The present embodiment pertains to an energy storage device employing a low density liquid and a high density liquid. Electricity is stored by displacing a high density liquid with a low density liquid and electricity is generated by allowing a high density liquid to displace a low density liquid. In the present embodiment, said displacing occurs in an underwater storage reservoir configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. An example high density liquid may include, but is not limited to, water. An example low density liquid may include, but is not limited to, propane, butane, ethane, or LPG. In some embodiments, the underwater storage reservoir may comprise a rigid storage tank. In some embodiments, low density liquid comprises the hydraulic fluid employed in the pump and generator for generating electricity.

In the underwater storage reservoir in some embodiments, the low-density liquid floats above the high-density liquid. The low density liquid may comprise the hydraulic fluid or working fluid employed in a pump or generator. There are multiple benefits resulting from allowing the low density liquid to float above or be located above the high density liquid inside the underwater storage reservoir. Said benefits may include, but are not limited to, the following:

-   -   By allowing low density liquid to float above high-density         liquid the present invention may employ a rigid underwater tank.         A rigid underwater tank or rigid underwater structure may be         employed to contain or store at least a portion of the         low-density liquid. A rigid underwater tank may possess numerous         advantages, which may include, but is not limited to, longer         lifespan, lower risk of leaks or breaks, and resiliency to the         elements.     -   In the event of a catastrophic failure or a leak or a break in         the underwater storage region which, one or more or a         combination of the following beneficial outcomes may occur:         -   The energy storage system may continue to remain operational         -   Low density liquid may be safely removed and/or recoverable             by allowing the electricity storage system to generate             electricity or ‘discharge’ by allowing low density liquid to             be transferred from the underwater reservoir to the             reservoir near the surface.         -   Low density liquid may remain within the underwater storage             region         -   Low density liquid may not leak or escape the underwater             storage region     -   Low density liquid may be contained within a rigid region of the         underwater storage tank, which may possess longer lasting or         safer storage characteristics.     -   Low density liquid and water may directly displace each other,         while being physically separated     -   The present embodiment can employ density-based methods for         passive risk mitigation, error correction, and emergency         response, which may include, but are not limited to, the         following:         -   For example, the present embodiment may employ a floating             plug which possesses a density greater than low density             liquid and less than water. Said plug may stop liquid flow             into the low-density liquid pipe when the water level in the             second reservoir is above a pre-defined level. Said plug may             prevent water from entering the low-density liquid pipe.             Said plug may be employed to ensure a pre-defined minimum             volume of low-density liquid is present in the underwater             storage reservoir.         -   If a barrier or separator breaks, within or         -   During charging, low density liquid may displace water             downwards and out of the underwater tank through a bottom             port in the underwater tank.

In some embodiments, low density liquid may be prevented from coming into direct contact with the high density liquid by means of a physical separation.

-   -   Said physical separation may comprise a liquid with a density         greater than the low density liquid and less than the high         density liquid, while being insoluble in both the low density         liquid and high density liquid.     -   Said physical separation may comprise a solid.     -   Said physical separation may comprise a barrier which possesses         a density greater than low density liquid and less than high         density liquid.     -   Said physical separation may comprise an impermeable material,         such as a synthetic fabric or liner.     -   Said physical separation may be employed to prevent the         formation of hydrates.     -   Said physical separation may be located below the low density         liquid and above the water within the underwater storage         reservoir or within a rigid underwater storage tank.     -   Said physical separation may be located within the underwater         storage reservoir.     -   Said physical separation may be present within a tank which         comprises rigid construction, which may comprise the underwater         storage reservoir.

Containment Cover or Barrier or Boundary (“CB” or “CCB”)

The present invention may involve a containment cover or boundary or barrier (CB or CBB) over the underwater storage reservoir. CB may capture low density liquid in the event of a leak or accidental release of low density liquid. CB may be located over or above the underwater storage reservoir. CB may comprise a liner or fabric or solid or a sheet or a combination thereof. CB may be configured to funnel low density liquid (if captured) into particular regions of the CB to, for example, facilitate recovery of the LDL. In the event of an accidental release or leak of LDL, LDL or LDL hydrate or LDL composition may rise above the underwater reservoir and may be captured by or float into the CB. CB may be floating above the underwater reservoir and may be anchored to the ocean bottom. CB may be less dense than the ocean water, which may facilitate floatation. Alternatively, or additionally, the CB itself may be suspended or floating due to float(s) attached to the CB. In some embodiments, CB may cover or be above a surface area greater than or equal to the surface area of the underwater reservoir and/or underwater valves or connections. In some embodiments, CB may only cover or be above certain sections of the underwater reservoir, such as, for example, only covering the surface area above a connection or port. There may be more than one CB. For example, there may be a CB above certain connection points or ports. In some embodiments there may be redundant CBs. For example, a CB may cover a particular port, while another CB may cover the port and/or an entire section of the underwater reservoir.

CB may comprise materials which are compatible with water and/or the LDL. CB may comprise materials that repel both water and LDL. CB may comprise hydrophobic materials which absorb LDL.

CB may contain sensors or systems or mechanisms to determine if there is a LDL leak or if LDL has been captured by the CB. For example, said sensors may involve measuring the buoyancy force acting on a CB. If LDL is released and floats into a CB, the buoyancy force acting on the CB will increase, which may be measured by one or more sensors. For example, a sensor or indicator may involve a hydrophobic material which absorbs LDL. If LDL contacts said hydrophobic material, LDL may be absorbed, which may trigger the sensor and/or provide an indicator of the occurrence of a leak or accidental release of LDL. For example, a sensor may involve spectroscopy, which may provide indication of the presence of a new liquid other than ocean water, such as LDL. For example, a sensor may involve a float, which is less density than water and more density than LDL. If LDL leaks in sufficient quantities and collects in the CB, the float may begin to sink within a LDL layer which may form. Other mechanisms for sensors may include, but is not limited to, conductivity, spectroscopy, spectrometric, visible color, absorbance, viscosity, pH, dissolution, polarity, dielectric constant, or a combination thereof.

A system may be employed to notify system operators of the occurrence of a LDL release. Passive and/or active systems may be employed to remediate the problem or shut down the system or undergo pre-defined procedures or undergo new procedures or a combination thereof autonomously or semi-autonomously or with the presence of a human system operator, or a combination thereof.

Rigid Tank with Interconnected Water Reservoir

An example embodiment or configuration may comprise a rigid tank with a bladder tank inside to store LDL. The remaining storage volume not occupied by the LDL bladder tank may be occupied by water. The water may be interconnected to or comprise the surrounding or adjacent ocean. The water may comprise water from an interconnected to a water reservoir. Said water reservoir may comprise a surface water reservoir or an underwater reservoir. An underwater water reservoir may comprise a tank containing water interconnected to the rigid tank via a pipe. The water reservoir may possess similar pressures or equilibrium pressure with the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean.

Below are some characteristics and attributes of an example embodiment:

-   -   The LDL port in the rigid tank and/or the LDL bladder within the         rigid tank may be located in the top portion of the rigid tank         and/or away from the water port.     -   The water port maybe located at the bottom or in the bottom         portion of the rigid tank and/or away from the LDL and/or the         LDL port.     -   The water reservoir may contain freshwater or Deionized water if         desired. Freshwater or deionized water may be advantageous to         prevent corrosion inside the underwater rigid tank.     -   In the event of a break or burst in one or all of the         expandable/bladder containment devices, the LDL will remain in         the rigid tank. LDL may be safely removed through the LDL port,         which may involve the same procedure as is typically employed         for discharging/generating electricity in the present invention     -   Because LDL port is near the top of the rigid tank and/or LDL is         stored near top of tank, LDL may rise to the top of the rigid         tank, which may prevent LDL from leaking and/or escaping to the         surrounding water body or ensure LDL is contained within the         system or ensure the LDL is salvageable for the system.     -   If LDL were to mix with water inside the underwater rigid tank,         LDL hydrates may form, which may be significantly more dense         than the LDL. If the underwater tank is full of LDL, the         underwater reservoir may be designed to ensure the rigid tank         water port clogs with LDL hydrates to prevent escape of LDL from         the water port. Said design may include, but is not limited to,         a filter or screen in the port which may intentionally clog or         collect solids in the event LDL hydrates form.     -   If LDL hydrates form, LDL hydrates may sink to the bottom of the         tank or float in the interface between water and the LDL     -   In the event of a leak or rupture or a detection of hydrate         formation, one or more valves may close. For example, the water         pipe or port may possess a valve which closes. Similarly, the         LDL port or pipe may possess a valve which closes.     -   The present embodiment possesses multiple redundancies. The         present embodiment may enable LDL to remain contained within a         rigid structure or rigid tank, which may ensure the LDL does not         escape into the surrounding ocean and/or may ensure LDL is         recoverable of salvageable and/or the process is operational,         even in the event one or more bladders or barriers fail or burst         or break. Additionally, the present embodiment may enable the         inside of the rigid tank to be in contact with a water with less         corrosive species than ocean water.

Floating Bladder Tank:

The present invention may pertain to a gravitational energy storage system involving the displacement of water with a low-density liquid, wherein an underwater storage tank is floating above the ocean floor. The floating underwater storage tank may be buoyant due to the floating underwater storage possessing a lower density or lower average density than the surrounding ocean water.

EXAMPLE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS Reservoir with Low Density Liquid—Water with Physical Barrier or Separation Between Low Density Liquid and Water Exemplary Embodiment

1. A system for storing or generating electricity comprising:

a first storage reservoir configured to be located at a higher elevation and configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water;

a second storage reservoir configured to be located at a lower elevation and configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water and water;

a third storage reservoir configured to store water;

a pump; and

a generator;

wherein the pump, generator, and the first, second, and third reservoirs are operatively connected such that electricity is stored by displacing water inside the second storage reservoir into the third reservoir by pumping low density fluid in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir; and

electricity is generated or discharged by allowing water in the third reservoir to displace low density fluid in the second storage reservoir to the first storage reservoir.

Exemplary Embodiment

1. A system for storing or generating electricity comprising:

a first storage reservoir configured to be near the surface of a body of water and configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water;

a second storage reservoir configured to be located below the surface of the body of water;

a pump; and

a generator;

wherein the pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected such that electricity is stored by displacing water inside the second storage reservoir by pumping low density fluid in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir and electricity is generated or discharged by allowing the low density fluid in the second storage reservoir to return to the first storage reservoir;

wherein the second storage reservoir is configured to store water and a low-density liquid.

Exemplary Embodiment

1. A system for storing or generating electricity comprising:

a first storage reservoir configured to be near the surface of a body of water and configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water;

a second storage reservoir configured to be located below the surface of the body of water;

a pump; and

a generator;

wherein the pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected such that electricity is stored by displacing water inside the second storage reservoir by pumping low density fluid in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir and electricity is generated or discharged by allowing the low density fluid in the second storage reservoir to return to the first storage reservoir;

wherein the second storage reservoir is a rigid tank configured to store water and a low-density liquid.

Example Exemplary Embodiment

1. A system for storing or generating electricity comprising:

a first storage reservoir configured to be near the surface of a body of water and configured to store a low density liquid;

a second storage reservoir configured to be located below the surface of the body of water;

a pump; and

a generator;

wherein the pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected such that electricity is stored by displacing water inside the second storage reservoir by pumping the low density liquid in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir and electricity is generated or discharged by allowing the low density liquid in the second storage reservoir to return to the first storage reservoir;

wherein the second storage reservoir is configured to store the water and the low density liquid and wherein the low density liquid has a density below the density of liquid water.

EXAMPLE EXEMPLARY SUBEMBODIMENTS

2. The system of exemplary embodiment 1 wherein said second storage reservoir comprises a rigid tank. 3. The system of exemplary embodiment 1 wherein the low density liquid is located above water inside the second reservoir. 4. The system of exemplary embodiment 1 wherein the low density liquid floats above water inside the second reservoir. 5. The system of exemplary embodiment 1 wherein the system further comprises a hydraulic fluid in the pump and wherein the hydraulic fluid is the same as the low density liquid. 6. The system of exemplary embodiment 1 wherein the pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected by a pipe. 7. The system of exemplary embodiment 6 wherein the low density liquid is transferred between said first reservoir and said second reservoir using said pipe. 8. The system of exemplary embodiment 1 further comprising a physical barrier within the second reservoir for separating the low density liquid and water in the second reservoir. 9. The system of exemplary embodiment 8 wherein the second reservoir is configured to prevent leakage of the low density liquid in the event of damage to said physical barrier. 10. The system of exemplary embodiment 8 wherein said physical barrier comprises a material with an average density less than liquid water and more than the low density liquid at a temperature greater than 3° C. and less than 50° C. at the same hydrostatic pressure. 11. The system of exemplary embodiment 8 wherein at least a portion of said physical barrier is located above water and at least a portion of said physical barrier is located below the low density liquid. 12. The system of exemplary embodiment 8 wherein said physical barrier comprises a liquid. 13. The system of exemplary embodiment 8 wherein said physical barrier comprises a solid. 14. The system of exemplary embodiment 8 wherein said physical barrier is configured to prevent (1) substantial dissolution of the low density liquid in water, (2) substantial dissolution of water in the low density liquid, (3) the formation of substantial low density liquid—water hydrates, or a combination thereof. 15. The system of exemplary embodiment 1 which further comprises a barrier situated above at least a portion of the second reservoir. 16. The system of exemplary embodiment 15 wherein said barrier is configured to contain low density liquid, a low density liquid—water composition, or a combination thereof in the event of a breach in the second reservoir. 17. The system of exemplary embodiment 15 wherein said barrier comprises an instrument for detecting low density liquid. 18. The system of exemplary embodiment 15 wherein said barrier is configured to funnel low density liquid to facilitate recovery. 19. The system of exemplary embodiment 15 wherein said barrier is suspended above at least a portion of the second reservoir. 20. The system of exemplary embodiment 19 wherein the barrier is suspended by a tether connected to a mooring, an anchor, the ocean floor, or a combination thereof. 21. The system of exemplary embodiment 15 wherein said barrier is buoyant, connected to buoyant floats, or a combination thereof. 22. The system of exemplary embodiment 1 wherein the second reservoir is buoyant, connected to buoyant floats, or a combination thereof. 23. The system of exemplary embodiment 22 wherein said second reservoir is floating or suspended above the ocean floor. 24. The system of exemplary embodiment 23 wherein the second reservoir is suspended by a tether connected to a mooring, an anchor, the ocean floor, or a combination thereof. 25. The system of exemplary embodiment 1 further comprising a third reservoir operably connected to transfer water displaced by low density liquid during the storing of electricity from the second reservoir to the third reservoir. 26. The system of exemplary embodiment 25 wherein the water has a density which is within +/−5% the density of ocean water at a temperature greater than 3° C. and less than 40° C. at the same hydrostatic pressure. 27. The system of exemplary embodiment 25 wherein at least a portion of said third reservoir comprises ocean water. 28. The system of exemplary embodiment 25 wherein at least a portion of said third reservoir comprises treated ocean water. 29. The system of exemplary embodiment 26 wherein at least a portion of said third reservoir possesses a pressure within +/−10 atm of the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean water at the depth of the second reservoir.

EXEMPLARY SUBEMBODIMENTS

2. The system of embodiment 1 wherein the fluid which has a lower density than water is located above water inside the second reservoir 3. The system of embodiment 1 wherein a fluid which has a lower density than water floats above water inside the second reservoir 4. The system of embodiment 1 wherein the hydraulic fluid or working fluid in the pump and generator comprises the fluid which has a lower density than water 5. The system of embodiment 4 wherein the pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected by a pipe 6. The system of embodiment 5 wherein the fluid which has a lower density than water is transferred between said first reservoir and said second reservoir using said pipe 7. The system of embodiment 1 wherein the fluid which has a lower density than water and water in the second reservoir are separated by a physical barrier 8. The system of embodiment 7 wherein said physical barrier is floating 9. The system of embodiment 7 wherein said physical barrier possesses an average density less dense than water and more dense than the fluid which has a lower density than water 10. The system of embodiment 7 wherein at least a portion of said physical barrier is located above water and below the fluid which has a lower density than water 11. The system of embodiment 7 wherein said physical barrier comprises a liquid 12. The system of embodiment 7 wherein said physical barrier comprises a solid 13. The system of embodiment 7 wherein said physical barrier prevents the dissolution of the fluid which has a lower density than water in water, the dissolution of water in the fluid which has a lower density than water, the formation of fluid which has a lower density than water—water hydrates, or a combination thereof 14. The system of embodiment 1 wherein a containment cover or barrier is situated above one or more parts of the second reservoir 15. The system of embodiment 14 wherein said containment cover or barrier captures or recovers fluid which has a lower density than water or derivatives thereof in the event of a leak or break or accidental release 16. The system of embodiment 14 wherein said containment cover or barrier contains systems for detecting the capture of fluid which has a lower density than water 17. The system of embodiment 14 wherein said containment cover or barrier is configured to funnel fluid which has a lower density than water or derivatives thereof to facilitate capture or recovery 18. The system of embodiment 14 wherein said containment cover or barrier is suspended above at least a portion of the second reservoir, third reservoir, or both 19. The system of embodiment 18 wherein said suspending is conducted by a tether which is connected to a mooring or an anchor or the ocean floor or a combination thereof 20. The system of embodiment 14 wherein said containment cover or barrier is buoyant or connected to buoyant floats or a combination thereof 21. The system of embodiment 1 wherein the second reservoir is buoyant or connected to buoyant floats or a combination thereof 22. The system of embodiment 21 wherein said second reservoir is floating above the ocean floor 23. The system of embodiment 22 wherein said second reservoir is suspended above the ocean floor 24. The system of embodiment 23 wherein said suspending is conducted by a tether which is connected to a mooring or an anchor or the ocean floor or a combination thereof 25. The system of embodiment 1 wherein the third reservoir comprises a liquid with the same density as ocean water 26. The system of embodiment 1 wherein the third reservoir comprises a liquid with a density which is within +/−0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or 5%, or 6%, or 7%, or 8%, or 9%, or 10% of the density of ocean water 26. The system of embodiment 1 wherein the third reservoir comprises a liquid with a density which is within +/−0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or 5%, or 6%, or 7%, or 8%, or 9%, or 10% of the density of ocean water, which may be a liquid at a temperature greater than 3° C. and less than 40° C. at the same hydrostatic pressure 27. The system of embodiment 1 wherein the third reservoir comprises at least a portion ocean water 28. The system of embodiment 26 wherein said liquid is less corrosive than ocean water, or is less prone to the formation of biofouling or scaling than ocean water, or a combination thereof 29. The system of embodiment 26 wherein said liquid comprises treated ocean water 30. The system of embodiment 26 wherein at least a portion of said liquid is at a pressure with 10 atm of the hydrostatic pressure of ocean water near the second reservoir 1. A system for storing or generating electricity comprising:

a first storage reservoir configured to be located at a higher elevation and configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water;

a second storage reservoir configured to be located at a lower elevation;

a third storage reservoir configured to store water;

a pump; and

a generator;

wherein the pump, generator, and the first, second, and third reservoirs are operatively connected such that electricity is stored by displacing water inside the second storage reservoir into the third reservoir by pumping low density fluid in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir; and

electricity is generated or discharged by allowing water in the third reservoir to displace low density fluid in the second storage reservoir to the first storage reservoir;

wherein the second storage reservoir is configured to store water and a low-density liquid.

1. A system for storing or generating electricity comprising:

a first storage reservoir configured to be located at a higher elevation and configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water;

a second storage reservoir configured to be located at a lower elevation and configured to store low density liquid and water;

a third storage reservoir configured to store water;

a pump; and

a generator;

wherein the pump, generator, and the first, second, and third reservoirs are operatively connected such that electricity is stored by displacing water inside the second storage reservoir into the third reservoir by pumping low density fluid in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir; and

electricity is generated or discharged by allowing water in the third reservoir to displace low density fluid in the second storage reservoir to the first storage reservoir.

1. A system for storing or generating electricity comprising:

a first storage reservoir configured to be near the surface of a body of water and configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water;

a second storage reservoir configured to be located below the surface of the body of water;

a pump; and

a generator;

wherein the pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected such that electricity is stored by displacing water inside the second storage reservoir by pumping low density fluid in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir and electricity is generated or discharged by allowing the low density fluid in the second storage reservoir to return to the first storage reservoir;

wherein the second storage reservoir is configured to store water and a low-density liquid.

1. A system for storing or generating electricity comprising:

a first storage reservoir configured to be near the surface of a body of water and configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water;

a second storage reservoir configured to be located below the surface of the body of water;

a pump; and

a generator;

wherein the pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected such that electricity is stored by displacing water inside the second storage reservoir by pumping low density fluid in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir and electricity is generated or discharged by allowing the low density fluid in the second storage reservoir to return to the first storage reservoir;

wherein the second storage reservoir is configured to store water and a low-density liquid;

wherein low density liquid comprises the hydraulic fluid in the pump and generator;

wherein low density liquid is located above water inside the second storage reservoir

2. The system of embodiment 1 wherein the low-density liquid is located above water inside the second reservoir 3. The system of embodiment 1 wherein the low-density liquid floats above water inside the second reservoir 4. The system of embodiment 1 wherein the hydraulic fluid or working fluid in the pump and generator comprises low density liquid 5. The system of embodiment 4 wherein the pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected by a pipe 6. The system of embodiment 5 wherein said low density liquid is transferred between said first reservoir and said second reservoir using said pipe 7. The system of embodiment 1 wherein the water and low-density liquid in the second reservoir are separated by a physical barrier 8. The system of embodiment 7 wherein said physical barrier is floating 9. The system of embodiment 7 wherein said physical barrier possesses an average density less dense than water and more dense than low density liquid 10. The system of embodiment 7 wherein said physical barrier is located above water and below low density liquid 11. The system of embodiment 7 wherein said physical barrier comprises a liquid 12. The system of embodiment 7 wherein said physical barrier comprises a solid 13. The system of embodiment 1 wherein said physical barrier prevents the dissolution of low density liquid in water, the dissolution of water in low density liquid, the formation of low density liquid—water hydrates, or a combination thereof 1. A system for storing or generating electricity comprising:

a first storage reservoir configured to be near the surface of a body of water and configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water;

a second storage reservoir configured to be located below the surface of the body of water;

a pump; and

a generator;

wherein the pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected such that electricity is stored by displacing water inside the second storage reservoir by pumping low density fluid in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir and electricity is generated or discharged by allowing the low density fluid in the second storage reservoir to return to the first storage reservoir;

wherein the second storage reservoir is configured to store water and low-density liquid;

wherein the water and low density liquid are separated by a physical barrier

1. A system for storing or generating electricity comprising:

a first storage reservoir configured to be near the surface of a body of water and configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water;

a second storage reservoir configured to be located below the surface of the body of water;

a pump; and

a generator;

wherein the pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected such that electricity is stored by displacing water inside the second storage reservoir by pumping low density fluid in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir and electricity is generated or discharged by allowing the low density fluid in the second storage reservoir to return to the first storage reservoir;

wherein the second storage reservoir is configured to store water and low-density liquid;

wherein the water and low density liquid are separated by a floating physical barrier

1. A system for storing or generating electricity comprising:

a first storage reservoir configured to be near the surface of a body of water and configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water;

a second storage reservoir configured to be located below the surface of the body of water;

a pump; and

a generator;

wherein the pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected such that electricity is stored by displacing water inside the second storage reservoir by pumping low density fluid in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir and electricity is generated or discharged by allowing the low density fluid in the second storage reservoir to return to the first storage reservoir;

wherein the water and low-density liquid in the second storage reservoir are in direct contact in a water—low density liquid liquid-liquid interface

1. A system for storing or generating electricity comprising:

a first storage reservoir configured to be near the surface of a body of water and configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water;

a second storage reservoir configured to be located below the surface of the body of water;

a pump; and

a generator;

wherein the pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected such that electricity is stored by displacing water inside the second storage reservoir by pumping low density fluid in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir and electricity is generated or discharged by allowing the low density fluid in the second storage reservoir to return to the first storage reservoir;

wherein the second storage reservoir contains a low density liquid—water liquid-liquid interface

Containment Cover or Containment Barrier (“CB” or “CCB”): Floating/Buoyant Tank:

1. A system for storing or generating electricity comprising:

a first storage reservoir configured to be near the surface of a body of water and configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water;

a second storage reservoir configured to be located below the surface of the body of water and configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water;

a pump; and

a generator;

wherein the pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected such that electricity is stored by displacing water adjacent the second storage reservoir by pumping low density liquid in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir and electricity is generated by allowing the low density fluid in the second storage reservoir to return to the first

storage reservoir; and,

wherein the water and the fluid which has a lower density than water are both in liquid form; and,

wherein the second storage reservoir is floating.

2. The system of embodiment 1 wherein said floating is anchored to the bottom of the ocean 3. The system of embodiment 1 wherein said floating is suspended above the bottom of the ocean

Condensable Gas in Surface Water Tank:

Rigid Tank with Example Interconnected Pressure Equalizing 1. An energy storage system comprising:

A surface tank, A Subsea tank, A pipe, A pump, and A generator;

Wherein Energy is stored by displacing water in said subsea tank using a low density liquid

Wherein Energy is generated by allowing water to displace low density liquid in said Subsea tank

1. An energy storage system comprising:

A surface tank, A Subsea tank, A pipe, A pump, and A generator;

Wherein Energy is stored by pumping low density liquid into the Subsea tank to displace water in said subsea tank

2. Wherein the pressure inside said Subsea tank is at equilibrium with the hydrostatic pressure of the surrounding water 3. Wherein the Subsea tank contains a water—low density liquid interface 4. Wherein water inside the Subsea tank is in direct contact with the low density liquid 5. Wherein water inside the Subsea tank is separated from the low density liquid by a floating barrier 1. A rigid tank with a low density liquid and water configured to store LDL and water; and,

A bladder tank configured to store water;

2. Wherein the bladder tank is located at the same elevation as the rigid tank; 3. Wherein the bladder tank is located at an elevation different from the rigid tank

Note: The location of the bladder tank and elevation of the bladder tank relative to the rigid tank may be virtually any elevation beneath the water body because the water inside the tank is at the same density as the water in the surrounding water body.

Notes

-   -   Note: Bladder tank is sunk as a fully collapsed tank and may be         connected to the rigid tank, via, for example, a pipe. The rigid         tank is sunk by flooding the rigid tank. As the water in the         rigid tank is being displaced by the LDL, the displaced water         filled the bladder tank. The bladder tank may be floating or sit         on the ocean bottom.     -   Note: The energy storage system may be charged when at a         partially charged state.     -   Note: The energy storage system may be charged when at a fully         discharged state.     -   Note: The energy storage system may be discharged when at a         partially charged or partially discharged state.     -   Note: The energy storage system may be discharged when at a         fully charged state.     -   Note: It may be desirable for the pressure of the water         transferred to or from the surface water tank (‘inside water’)         to equal to the gravitational hydrostatic pressure of the water         surrounding the pipes (‘outside water’). Alternatively, or         additionally, the pressure of the inside water may be less than         or greater than the outside water by the pressure tolerance of a         subsea tank, or one or more components or parts in contact with         inside water, or a combination thereof. An example method to         ensure the pressure of inside water and outside water is similar         is to place a valve or pressure regulator between surface water         tank(s) and subsea tank(s). For example, said valve or pressure         regulator may be attached to or inside a pipeline connecting         surface water tank(s) and subsea tank(s).     -   Note: It may be desirable for the pressure inside the second         reservoir to be the same as the hydrostatic pressure surrounding         or adjacent to the second reservoir. The pressure inside the         second reservoir may differ from the pressure of the hydrostatic         pressure surrounding or adjacent to the second reservoir by less         than 10 PSI, or 15 PSI, or 20 PSI, or 1 atm, or 2 atm, or 3 atm,         or 4 atm, or 5 atm, or 6 atm, or 7 atm, or 8 atm, or 9 atm, or         10 atm, or 11 atm, or 12 atm, or 15 atm, or 20 atm, or 30 atm,         or 40 atm, or 50 atm, or 60 atm, or 70 atm, or 80 atm, or 90         atm, or 100 atm.     -   Note: Inside the underwater storage reservoir, the low density         liquid or the high density liquid may be enclosed in a bladder         tank within a rigid underwater tank. For example, the water may         be enclosed within a bladder tank inside the rigid underwater         tank, while the low density liquid may float above said bladder         tank. For example, the low density liquid may be enclosed within         a bladder tank inside the rigid underwater tank, while the water         may sink below or may be present below said bladder tank. Water         inside the rigid underwater tank may comprise or be fluid         connected or may be in hydrostatic pressure equilibrium with         adjacent or surrounding ocean water.     -   Note: In some embodiments, the separator or physical barrier may         comprise a layer of a solid hydrate of low density liquid. Said         solid hydrate may possess a density greater than low density         liquid and less than water. Said solid hydrate layer may inhibit         further mixing or formation of hydrate.     -   Note: The pump/generator in the present invention may comprise a         Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT). HPRTs may be currently         employed as pump/generator in, including, but not limited to,         the hydrocarbon transport, processing, and refining industries.         HPRTs are known to be more energy efficient with lower viscosity         of the working fluid. The present invention may employ ultra-low         viscosity liquids, such as liquid propane, liquid butane, or         LPG, which may possess a substantially lower viscosity than         water, which may enable the HPRT to possess a round trip         efficiency greater than the round-trip efficiencies associated         with water.     -   Note: The surface water tank or the third reservoir configured         to store water on the surface or at a higher elevation than the         second reservoir may comprise a rigid tank or a bladder tank or         a combination thereof. For example, the third reservoir         configured to store water and/or located near, on, or above the         ocean surface may comprise a bladder tank, which may be at a         pressure in equilibrium with the pressure outside or adjacent to         said third reservoir.     -   Note: Fluid properties affect HPRT efficiency in the same manner         as in centrifugal pumps, with higher-viscosity fluids reducing         the efficiency. The fact that propane and some other example         LDLs have a lower viscosity than water means some LDLs may have         a greater energy efficiency/round trip efficiency in an HPRT         than water     -   Note: HPRTs can operate most efficiently at certain ranges of         capacity utilization (flow rate) and pressure head. HPRTs are         generally most efficient closer to their maximum capacity         utilization and pressure head. There are multiple methods to         ensure near maximum efficiency in the pump/generator, when, for         example, employing HPRTs, which may include, but are not limited         to, one or more or a combination of the following:         -   Multiple smaller HPRTs may be employed, wherein HPRTs which             are running are run at or near maximum efficiency and/or             maximum capacity (highest efficiency is near or at highest             capacity). If the demand for storing power changes, the             number and/or capacity of the HPRTs online or ‘on’ for             storing power may be adjusted. If the demand for generating             power changes, the number and/or capacity of the HPRTs             online or ‘on’ for generating power may be adjusted.         -   If the energy requiring storing is less than the capacity of             the HPRTs there may be a few options:             -   Design the system with an additional lower capacity                 HPRTs (e.g. 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or more HPRTs which are                 each a fraction of the total capacity of each of the                 larger HPRTs). Each of said lower capacity HPRTs may                 operate at near maximum efficiency and/or maximum                 capacity when in operation             -   For charging variations which are a fraction of the                 capacity of the few lower capacity HPRTs or the lowest                 capacity HPRT, fly-wheels or capacitors or Li-Ion                 batteries or other standard energy storage devices may                 be employed to fill in this relatively smaller storage                 need. Said ‘other standard energy storage devices’ may                 be discharged to charge the liquid displacement energy                 storage technology by powering a pump (such as a HPRT)                 when desirable or may supply electricity directly to the                 grid or application or a combination thereof     -   Note: The floating subsea tank may be rigid or         collapsible/expandable or a combination thereof. The floating         subsea tank may be suspended over the seafloor by tethers or         anchors or attachment lines or other mechanisms.     -   Note: In the event of a subsea landslide or other catastrophic         event, the floating subsea tank may be designed to disconnect         from its tether(s) and/or pipeline(s) as part of an emergency         disconnect system. Said emergency disconnect system may enable         the subsea tank to float to the surface, which may enable to         subsea tank to avoid rupture or other catastrophic failure,         which may otherwise occur due to debris from an underwater         landslide or other catastrophic event.     -   Note: A floating subsea tank may enable the tank to be easier to         implement when, for example, the seafloor is uneven or steep or         otherwise challenging for the placement of a tank on the         seafloor surface.     -   Note: Installation of a floating subsea bladder tank may         involve, for example:         -   1) Sinking a fully collapsed bladder tank to the ocean floor         -   2) Attaching bladder tank tethers and/or anchors to the             ocean floor and/or to moorings or weights. Attaching LDL             pipeline to the bladder tank.         -   3) Using the LDL pipeline, add LDL to the bladder tank,             resulting in the bladder tank becoming buoyant. The bladder             tank may be floating above the ocean floor and/or suspended             above the ocean floor due to, including, but not limited to,             one or more or a combination of the following: tethers or             anchors.     -   Note: LDL pipeline may be placed or sunk to the ocean bottom         while containing or full of LDL. LDL pipeline may be weighted or         attached to anchors or weights or a combination thereof to, for         example, prevent the LDL pipeline from floating to the ocean         surface.     -   Note: LDL pipeline may be placed or sunk to the ocean bottom.         LDL pipeline may be flooded with ocean water during the sinking         process. Once on the ocean bottom or once placed in the         appropriate location, water in the LDL pipeline may be displaced         with LDL by pumping LDL into the pipeline and/or allowing         displaced ocean water to exit the pipeline. Displaced ocean         water may exit the pipeline, for example, into the surrounding         ocean or into a separate containment tank. Said separate         containment tank, if employed may be temporary or permanent.         When the pipeline is sufficiently full of LDL, one or valves may         be closed to, for example, prevent the escape of LDL to the         surround ocean and/or prevent the intrusion of ocean water into         the LDL pipeline. Alternatively, or additionally, said pipeline         may be attached to an underwater tank or a floating underwater         tank, when, for example, the pipeline is sufficiently full of         LDL. LDL pipeline may be weighted or attached to anchors or         weights or a combination thereof to, for example, prevent the         LDL pipeline from floating to the ocean surface.     -   Note: The minimum volume or amount of LDL in the floating         underwater tank may comprise the minimum amount of LDL required         to ensure the floating underwater tank is buoyant.     -   Note: One or more or a combination of components of the present         invention may be located underground or partially underground.         For example, the first storage reservoir, which may comprise a         rigid tank on land or underwater, may be located underground.         For example, one or more or a portion of or a combination of         pipes or valves or pumps or generators may be located         underground or partially underground. For example, the second         reservoir, which may comprise an underwater rigid tank, may be         located underground.     -   Note: Placing one or more tanks or other components underground         may conceal the tanks from public view, which may increase         safety and/or reduce the potential eyesore of a tank. Placing         one or more tanks or other components underground may increase         the longevity of said tanks. Placing one or more tanks or other         components underground may increase the system's resilience to         severe weather, natural disasters, or man-made risks.     -   Note: ‘8’ may be buoyant, or neutrally buoyant, or may be at a         greater density than the surrounding water body, or a         combination thereof. For example, the density of a subsea tank         may vary depending on the volume or amount of liquid stored in         the tank.     -   Note: LPG, propane, butane, or other liquified gases, which may         be employed as low density liquids, may be semi-refrigerated or         partial refrigerated or refrigerated in the surface storage         tanks. By employing semi-refrigerated storage, the surface         storage tanks or floating storage tanks or the first reservoir         may be capable of greater carrying capacity or may be lower         capital cost or a combination thereof     -   Note: The low density liquid may be stored at ambient         temperatures and/or temperatures matching or near the         temperature of the water surrounding the second storage         reservoir and/or may be stored pressurized.     -   Note: It may be desirable to employ butane or butane-propane         mixtures or a combination thereof due to butane's higher boiling         point and lower vapor pressure than propane and the potential to         build larger, lower cost pressure vessels.     -   Note: Refrigerated or semi-refrigerated or partially         refrigerated or cooled vessels may comprise temperatures less         than or equal to one or more or a combination of the following:         50° C., or 40° C., or 30° C., or 20° C., or 10° C., or 5° C.,         or, 0° C., or −10° C., or −20° C., or −30° C., or −40° C., or         −50° C.     -   Note: A configuration involving a subsea rigid tank configured         to store water and LDL and a separate or interconnected bladder         tank configured to stored water may be advantageous, due to, for         example, including but not limited to, one or more or a         combination of the following:         -   No need for a water pipeline to the surface or for a tank on             the surface         -   Bladder tank underwater is storing primarily water, instead             of LDL.             -   A bladder tank may possess a longer longevity or                 lifespan with water compared to LDL             -   A bladder tank configured for water may be less                 expensive or comprise less expensive materials than a                 bladder tank configured for LDL             -   In the event of a rupture or catastrophic failure of the                 bladder tank, a valve in the pipe connecting the bladder                 tank to the rigid tank may be closed, which may comprise                 an emergency shutdown procedure. If said valve fails to                 close, LDL in the rigid tank will naturally remain in                 the rigid tank, For example, LDL may remain in the rigid                 tank due to the location or configuration of the pipe                 connecting the rigid tank to the bladder tank.                 Advantageously, in the event of a catastrophic failure                 or rupture of the bladder tank, the pressure inside the                 rigid tank will likely remain constant and the                 composition of the water inside the rigid tank may                 remain constant.         -   Bladder tank enables the rigid underwater tank to experience             the same pressure inside the tank as the pressure outside             the tank or the pressure of the surrounding hydrostatic             pressure.     -   Note: Some embodiments may involve a floating separator         separating water from the LDL in an underwater tank     -   Note: The round trip electrical efficiency may be greater than         or equal to 30%, or 40%, or 50%, or 60%, or 70%, or 80%, or 90%     -   Note: The present invention may contain multiple pipelines,         surface tanks, subsea tanks, HPRT units or pump generator units,         valves, other components or a combination thereof.     -   Note: Rigid tank or rigid containment structure, which may         surround at least a portion or the top of an internal         sub-reservoir or sub-tank, which may comprise a flexible         structure or expandable or collapsible structure, such as a         bladder. Said rigid structure may comprise a steel tank or         composite tank or a combination thereof. In the event the         internal sub-tank breaks or leaks, the leaked low density liquid         may remain inside the rigid tank or rigid containment structure,         preventing exposure of the low density liquid to the surrounding         environment. Alternatively, or additionally, the internal         sub-tank may store water, while low density liquid may be stored         in the rigid tank. Alternatively, or additionally, the low         density liquid and the water are stored in internal sub-tank         inside the rigid tank or rigid containment structure. The ‘rigid         containment structure’ may also or alternatively be a flexible         structure     -   Note: Dashed line in figure may indicate a labelling line. The         dashed line or dashed box may indicate a label only. Dashed         lines or dashed boxes may not be process elements in and of         themselves.     -   Note: Boxes with dashed lines in the figures and dash lines in         figures are labels only and are no in and of themselves         components of the figure.     -   Note: The figures may not be to scale. The water depth of, for         example, the second reservoir, may be deeper than or equal to,         one or more or a combination of the following: 200 meters, or         300 meters, or 400 meters, or 500 meters, or 600 meters, or 700         meters, or 800 meters, 900 meters, or 1,000 meters, 1,100         meters, or 1,200 meters, or 1,300 meters, or 1,400 meters, or         1,500 meters, or 1,600 meters, or 1,700 meters, 1,800 meters, or         1,900 meters, or 2,000 meters, 2,100 meters, or 2,200 meters, or         2,300 meters, or 2,400 meters, or 2,500 meters, or 2,600 meters,         or 2,700 meters, 2,800 meters, or 2,900, or 3,000 meters     -   Note:         -   The water reservoir may comprise a liquid of the same             density as the surrounding or adjacent ocean water and in             pressure equilibrium with the surrounding or adjacent ocean             water.         -   It may be desirable to prevent mixing between the water in             the water reservoir and the surrounding ocean water. The             prevent said mixing, it may be desirable to employ a             flexible barrier between the water reservoir and the             surrounding ocean water, which may be classified as a water             reservoir boundary layer.         -   If the water reservoir were to break or experience             catastrophic failure or is at risk of breaking or             catastrophic failure, a valve in a pipe interconnecting the             water reservoir with the rigid tank may close, if desired.             Said valve may prevent low density liquid or other contents             of the rigid tank or end-to-end system from leaking or             contaminating the surrounding ocean. If said valve were to             fail to close, the rigid tank and pipes may be configured             such that low-density liquid naturally remains in the tank             and/or minimally escapes or leaks from the rigid tank. For             example, said low density liquid may be present floating             above water in the second reservoir and said pipe             interconnecting the water reservoir with the rigid tank may             be located beneath the low density liquid—water             liquid-liquid interface.     -   Note: Reservoirs may comprise multiple interconnected reservoirs         or tanks or storage vessels or multiple interconnected process         elements or a combination thereof. For example, the an         underwater storage reservoir may comprise multiple         interconnected underwater tanks.     -   Note: The third reservoir may enable the same hydrostatic         pressure as ocean water, while possessing properties which are         less corrosive or less prone to biofouling than ocean water. For         example, the third reservoir may comprise ocean water treated         with an oxygen scavenger to remove dissolved oxygen and/or         prevent corrosion. For example, the third reservoir may comprise         ocean water treated with a biocide or a non-corrosive or         non-oxidizing biocide. For example, the third reservoir may         comprise an aqueous solution with the same or similar density as         ocean water, except comprising a different mixture or         compositions of salts and/or other reagents than ocean water         which may be less corrosive or possess other advantageous         properties compared to ocean water. For example, the third         reservoir may comprise an aqueous solution with the same or         similar density as ocean water, except comprising reagents which         inhibit the formation of low density liquid—water hydrates For         example, the third reservoir may comprise deep sea ocean water,         which may comprise low dissolved oxygen concentrations and may         be less corrosive compared to surface ocean water.     -   Note: Separator or Flexible tank or bladder inside rigid tank         may removable or replaceable. This enables the separator or         Flexible tank or bladder inside rigid tank to undergo         maintenance or be replaced at or near its end of life     -   Note: Low density liquid may include, but is not limited to, one         or more or a combination of the following: propane, butane,         ethane, pentane, hexane, LPG, gas-liquids, oils, or other low         density liquids described herein, or other liquids described in         the art.     -   Note: Ocean water temperature is generally between −2° C. and         40° C. Deep ocean water is generally about 4° C.     -   Note: The density of the Low Density Liquid is less than water         at least in the temperature range of greater than 3° C. and/or         less than 40° C.     -   Note: If the third reservoir is located underwater, a         condensable gas in the headspace may ensure the pressure inside         the third reservoir is close to the hydrostatic pressure of the         ocean at the same underwater depth, which may be beneficial if,         for example, said the third reservoir is a rigid tank. The vapor         pressure of the condensable headspace gas may be tuned or         engineered to ensure it matches or is close to hydrostatic         pressure of the ocean at the same underwater depth at the         expected operating temperature. The expected operating         temperature may range from, for example, −2° C. to 50° C.,         depending on the water body, the depth, the time of year, the         surface temperature, the local climate, the water temperature         surrounding or in contact with one or more components of the         system, other conditions, or a combination thereof.     -   Note: The pipe connection between an underwater tank and a pipe         may be designed to be capable of safe disconnection or         re-connection or both. An underwater tank may be disconnected         from a pipe for maintenance or replacement or expansion or         monitoring of the underwater tank, underwater pipe, other         underwater component, or a combination thereof. In some         instances, an underwater tank or pipe or both may contain low         density liquid during disconnection. An underwater tank may be         disconnected from a pipe for maintenance or replacement. In some         instances, an underwater tank or pipe or both may contain low         density liquid during disconnection. In some instances, low         density liquid may be removed from an underwater tank before         disconnecting said underwater tank. Safe disconnection may         involve minimal or no leaks of low density liquid. Some         embodiments of the present invention may be designed to enable         replacement or maintenance of an underwater tank. Some         embodiments of the present invention may be designed to enable         the transfer of an underwater tank to the surface and/or return         of said underwater tank to its original location. Some         embodiments of the present invention may enable one or more         components or subcomponents of an underwater tank or other         underwater components to be removed, or replaced, or maintained         if desirable. Some embodiments of the present invention may         enable the addition of one or more tanks underwater while         integrating with pre-existing underwater infrastructure and/or         surface infrastructure. For example, a Separator or Flexible         tank or bladder inside a rigid tank may be removable or         replaceable.     -   Removability or replaceability may involve the ability to remove         or replace a component while maintaining operations or with         minimal disruption to operations.

Additional Notes: Example Cost Drivers

-   -   The larger the scale, the lower the cost per kWh energy storage         capacity and cost per kW of power capacity     -   The deeper the ocean water depth, the greater the energy density         and the smaller the required tank volume and pipe diameter per a         kWh and kW of storage capacity, respectively. To ensure the         project can be constructed with pipelaying techniques and subsea         services, projects may initially employ depths less than or         equal to a 3,000 meter ocean water depth. As pipelaying         techniques and subsea services advance, depths greater than a         3,000 meter ocean water depth may be employed.     -   The more hours of energy storage (i.e. the more energy storage         capacity relative to power capacity), the lower the cost per kWh         -   Pipe diameter is driven by the energy density and required             ‘power capacity’         -   Tank volume is driven by the energy density and required             ‘energy storage capacity’     -   The distance to electricity grid and electricity grid         transmission equipment and/or upgrades to electricity grid         infrastructure     -   The proximity to onshore and offshore EPC assets and logistics         for the delivery and installation of equipment and materials

Example Revenue Drivers (Maximizing Revenue and ROI)

-   -   Price per kWh of electricity in local electricity market and         expected power purchase agreement prices/terms     -   Demand for grid services due to intermittency of renewables on         electricity grid     -   Potential of solar or wind in location     -   Structure of electricity market and relationship with the         electricity grid and/or local electric power utility     -   Economic Model: Solar+Storage Project (PPA) vs. Grid Services

Additional Notes:

Propane gas or LPG gas or refrigerant or near room temperature boiling point liquid or liquid condensable at room temperature or a combination thereof in the headspace of the rigid water tank on the surface.

Example Purpose of Condensable Gas in Water Tank

1) to enable to the tank to remain rigid without forming a vacuum when water exits 2) to enable the water to not release any propane into the air. A dilute concentration of propane may exist in the water due to the high pressures under the water enabling some propane solubility. Because the present embodiment is closed/not open to air, the propane cannot be released into the air.

Note: The headspace may be occupied by a hydrocarbon refrigerant which boils at around room temperature. For example, a combination of butane and pentane. As the water fills the tank, refrigerant compresses and condensed into a liquid (significantly reducing the amount of compression required). The condensed refrigerant forms a floating layer on the water. When the water exits, the refrigerant boils on the surface of the water.

Note: When water fills up the tank, propane or butane gas may be removed from the tank headspace to enable the water to occupy the space without compressing the propane. The propane gas may be removed via compression into a separate tank.

Note: Gas inside a water tank or in the headspace of a water tank compressed as water enters the tank. If desirable, said gas may, at least in part, condense.

Flywheel you compensate for lulls in startup

It may be desirable for the near room temperature boiling point liquid to be non-flammable. Said near room temperature boiling point liquid may comprise a refrigerant or a combination of refrigerants. For example, said near room temperature boiling point liquid may comprise a fluorinated hydrocarbon

Overview: The present invention may store electricity by displacing water with a low-density liquid (LDL). Electricity may be stored in the form of gravitational potential energy from the gravitational hydrostatic pressure difference between the LDL and water.

Summary Step-by-Step Description:

-   -   1. Storing Electricity: The valve at the surface is opened (5).         LDL in the rigid LDL surface tank (1) is pumped (4) through the         pipe (3) into the underwater rigid tank (2). As LDL fills the         underwater rigid tank, water inside the tank is displaced.         Displaced water travels through the water pipe (7) to the         surface water tank (6). When charging is complete, the valve at         the surface (5) is closed.     -   2. Generating Electricity: The surface valve (5) is opened.         Water inside the surface water tank (6) travels through the         water pipe (7) and naturally displaces LDL inside the underwater         rigid tank (2). Displaced LDL travels through the LDL pipe (3)         and into the generator (4) at the surface, generating         electricity, and flowing LDL into the rigid LDL surface tank.         When charging is complete, the surface valve (5) is closed.

Example Definitions

-   -   Supplemental Thermal Storage: Supplemental thermal storage may         comprise a process or system for storing or recovering or both         thermal energy from low density liquid, high density liquid, or         a combination thereof. Thermal energy recovered may comprise,         for example, thermal energy retained in the ‘cold’ temperature         of refrigerated or cooled low density liquid. Supplemental         thermal storage may be required to enable an efficient operation         in a system with various system components operating at         different temperatures. Supplemental thermal storage may be         required to enable an efficient operation in a system with a         cooled or refrigerated higher elevation low density liquid         reservoir which may operate at temperatures lower than surface         ocean water or ground or air or combination thereof         temperatures.     -   Parasitic Energy: Energy consumption which reduces system         performance or efficiency or both.     -   Non-Parasitic Energy: Energy consumption which has a negligible         impact or no impact or positive impact or a combination thereof         on system performance or efficiency or both.     -   Reservoir or Tank: Reservoir or tank may comprise an equipment         or a device for storing material, such as low density liquid or         higher density liquid or both. Reservoir or tank may be used         interchangeably. It is important to note that in some instances,         reservoir may be used broadly to describe the general storage of         a fluid or fluids in a region, or zone, or depth, or a range, or         a combination thereof. It is important to note that in some         instances, tank may be used broadly to describe the general         storage of a fluid or fluids in a region, or zone, or depth, or         a range, or a combination thereof. It is important to note that         in some instances, tank may be used narrowly to describe an         individual storage unit for the storage of a fluid or fluids in         a region, or zone, or depth, or a range, or a combination         thereof. It is important to note that in some instances,         reservoir may be used narrowly to describe an individual storage         unit for the storage of a fluid or fluids in a region, or zone,         or depth, or a range, or a combination thereof     -   Higher Elevation Reservoir: Liquid storage located at an         elevation higher than the elevation of a lower elevation         reservoir in the same storage system.     -   Lower Elevation Reservoir: Liquid storage located at an         elevation lower than the elevation of a higher elevation         reservoir in the same storage system.     -   Low Density Liquid or Lower Density Liquid or LDL: A working         fluid which has a lower density than a high density liquid. A         working fluid which has a lower density than a different working         fluid with which it exchanges pressure.     -   High Density Liquid or Higher Density Liquid or HDL or Greater         Density Liquid: A working fluid which has a higher density than         a low density liquid. A working fluid which has a greater g/mL         density than a low density liquid. A working fluid which has a         higher density than a different working fluid with which it         exchanges pressure.     -   Cooling or ‘Refrigerate’: Removing heat from liquid or system or         both. Removing heat using, for example, heat transfer, heat         exchange, refrigeration cycle, radiant cooling, or other heat         removal, or a combination thereof.     -   Partially Refrigerated: A reservoir or working fluid or both         which is cooled to a temperature less than at least some ambient         temperature. A reservoir or working fluid or both which is         cooled to a temperature less than at least some ambient         temperature, although the working fluid may require a pressure         greater than atmospheric pressure to be stored at a liquid         phase.     -   Working Fluid: A liquid or gas or both which is employed in the         system to store potential energy or heat or both.     -   Thermal Storage Medium or Thermal Storage Media or Thermal         Storage Liquid: A material which stores, or transfers, or a         combination thereof heat.     -   ‘Cold’ Thermal Storage Medium or ‘Cold’ Thermal Storage Media:         Material which is at a temperature colder than ‘Warm’ Thermal         Storage Medium or ‘Warm’ Thermal Storage Media. ‘Cold’ Thermal         Storage Medium or ‘Cold’ Thermal Storage Media may be at or near         the temperature of refrigerated or cooled low density liquid or         near or at the temperature of low density liquid in a cooled or         refrigerated or semi-refrigerated higher elevation low density         liquid reservoir. For example, ‘Cold’ Thermal Storage Medium or         ‘Cold’ Thermal Storage Media may be at a temperature of         refrigerated or cooled low density liquid plus or minus the heat         exchanger losses and other potential losses.     -   ‘Warm’ Thermal Storage Medium or ‘Warm’ Thermal Storage Media:         Material which is at a temperature warmer than ‘Cold’ Thermal         Storage Medium or ‘Cold’ Thermal Storage Media. ‘Warm’ Thermal         Storage Medium or ‘Warm’ Thermal Storage Media may be at a         temperature above the temperature of refrigerated or cooled low         density liquid or above the temperature of low density liquid in         a cooled or refrigerated or semi-refrigerated higher elevation         low density liquid reservoir.     -   ‘Cold’: A temperature of a medium which is a temperature less         than the same medium at a ‘warm’ temperature. In some         embodiments, ‘cold’ may be a temperature less than an ambient         air temperature or an ambient water temperature or an ambient         ground temperature or a combination thereof. In some         embodiments, ‘cold’ may be a temperature near or at or less than         the temperature or temperature range of a cooled or refrigerated         or semi-refrigerated low density liquid reservoir.     -   ‘Warm’: A temperature of a medium which is a temperature greater         than the same medium at a ‘warm’ temperature. In some         embodiments, ‘warm’ may be a temperature greater than an ambient         air temperature or an ambient water temperature or an ambient         ground temperature or a combination thereof. In some         embodiments, ‘warm’ may be a temperature near or at or greater         than the temperature or temperature range of a cooled or         refrigerated or semi-refrigerated low density liquid reservoir.     -   ‘Cold’ Low Density Liquid: Low density liquid at a temperature         less than ‘warm’ low density liquid. In some embodiments, ‘cold’         low density liquid may be a temperature of a low density liquid         where the low density liquid possesses a vapor pressure near or         equal to or less than the pressure limit or pressure rating of a         cooled or refrigerated or semi-refrigerated higher elevation low         density liquid reservoir     -   ‘Warm’ Low Density Liquid: Low density liquid at a temperature         greater than ‘cold’ low density liquid. In some embodiments,         ‘warm’ low density liquid may be a temperature of a low density         liquid where the low density liquid possesses a vapor pressure         near or equal to or greater than the pressure limit or pressure         rating of a cooled or refrigerated or semi-refrigerated higher         elevation low density liquid reservoir     -   Thermal Management: A process for removing, adding, or otherwise         transferring heat. A process which may monitor and/or adjust the         temperature of one or more or a combination of fluids or         components and may, automatically or with oversight or both,         make adjustments or add or remove heat or a combination thereof     -   Low Boiling Point Low Density Liquid or High Vapor Pressure Low         Density Liquid: A liquid with a vapor pressure about equal to or         greater than 1 atm at potential ambient temperature conditions.         In some embodiments, a low boiling point liquid may comprises a         liquid with a vapor pressure about equal to or greater than 1         atm at a temperature less than 60 degrees Celsius, or 50 degrees         Celsius, or 40 degrees Celsius, or a combination thereof. In         some embodiments, a low boiling point liquid may comprises a         liquid with a vapor pressure about equal to or greater than 1         atm at a temperature less than 100 degrees Celsius, or 90         degrees Celsius, or 80 degrees Celsius, or 70 degrees Celsius,         or 60 degrees Celsius, or 50 degrees Celsius, or 40 degrees         Celsius, or 30 degrees Celsius or a combination thereof.     -   Enhanced Density Higher Density Liquid: In some embodiments, a         liquid with a density greater than water or ocean water or the         water of a water body or a combination thereof. In some         embodiments, a solution comprising a solvent and reagents with a         density greater than said solvent.     -   Insoluble or Limited Solubility: A reagent or liquid or a         combination thereof which possesses a solubility less than 99%,         or 90%, or 80%, or 70%, or 60%, or 50%, or 40%, or 30%, or 20%,         or 10%, or 5%, or 1% or a combination thereof in another reagent         or liquid.     -   Parasitic Load: The energy or material or a combination thereof         demand from processes which reduce the performance or efficiency         of a system, although may be required or helpful or desired for         said system's operation.     -   Ocean: May comprise ocean, or a body of water, or a lake, or a         body of liquid comprising a high density liquid, or a         combination thereof     -   Higher Density Liquid or High Density Liquid: A liquid with a         density greater than a low density liquid. A liquid with a         density greater than a low density liquid within the same energy         storage system or process. A liquid with a density less than a         high density liquid which it displaces in the energy storage         system or process.     -   Lower Density Liquid or High Density Liquid: A liquid with a         density less than a high density liquid. A liquid with a density         less than a high density liquid within the same energy storage         system or process. A liquid with a density less than a high         density liquid which it displaces in the energy storage system         or process.

EXAMPLE FIGURE DESCRIPTIONS

FIG. 88: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present embodiment may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a cooling system for cooling said higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a cold supplemental thermal storage reservoir, a warm supplemental thermal storage reservoir, a heat exchanger, a pump and/or generator, a lower elevation reservoir, and interconnecting pipes. The present figure may show the present embodiment storing energy, such as electricity, which may also be referred to as undergoing a state of charging.

FIG. 89: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present embodiment may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a cooling system for cooling said higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a cold supplemental thermal storage reservoir, a warm supplemental thermal storage reservoir, a heat exchanger, a generator and/or pump, a lower elevation reservoir, and interconnecting pipes. The present figure may show the present embodiment generating energy, such as electricity, which may also be referred to as undergoing a state of discharging.

FIG. 90: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present embodiment may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a cooling system for cooling said higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a higher elevation high density liquid reservoir, a cold supplemental thermal storage reservoir, a warm supplemental thermal storage reservoir, a heat exchanger, a generator and/or pump, a lower elevation reservoir, and interconnecting pipes. The present figure may show the present embodiment storing energy, such as electricity, which may also be referred to as undergoing a state of charging.

FIG. 91: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present embodiment may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a cooling system for cooling said higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a higher elevation high density liquid reservoir, a cold supplemental thermal storage reservoir, a warm supplemental thermal storage reservoir, a heat exchanger, a pump and/or generator, a lower elevation reservoir, and interconnecting pipes. The present figure may show the present embodiment generating energy, such as electricity, which may also be referred to as undergoing a state of discharging.

FIG. 92: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present embodiment may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a cooling system for cooling said higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a supplemental thermal storage reservoir which may possess temperature layers or a temperature gradient, a heat exchanger, a pump and/or generator, a lower elevation reservoir, and interconnecting pipes. The present figure may show the present embodiment storing energy, such as electricity, which may also be referred to as undergoing a state of charging.

FIG. 93: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present embodiment may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a cooling system for cooling said higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a supplemental thermal storage reservoir which may possess temperature layers or a temperature gradient, a heat exchanger, a generator and/or pump, a lower elevation reservoir, and interconnecting pipes. The present figure may show the present embodiment generating energy, such as electricity, which may also be referred to as undergoing a state of discharging.

FIG. 94: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present embodiment may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a cooling system for cooling said higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a higher elevation high density liquid reservoir, a supplemental thermal storage reservoir which may possess temperature layers or a temperature gradient, a heat exchanger, a pump and/or generator, a lower elevation reservoir, and interconnecting pipes. The present figure may show the present embodiment storing energy, such as electricity, which may also be referred to as undergoing a state of charging.

FIG. 95: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present embodiment may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a cooling system for cooling said higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a higher elevation high density liquid reservoir, a supplemental thermal storage reservoir which may possess temperature layers or a temperature gradient, a heat exchanger, a generator and/or pump, a lower elevation reservoir, and interconnecting pipes. The present figure may show the present embodiment generating energy, such as electricity, which may also be referred to as undergoing a state of discharging.

FIG. 96: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present embodiment may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a cooling system for cooling said higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a heat exchanger, a pump and/or generator, a lower elevation reservoir, and interconnecting pipes. The present figure may show the present embodiment storing energy, such as electricity, which may also be referred to as undergoing a state of charging.

FIG. 97: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present embodiment may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a cooling system for cooling said higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a heat exchanger, a generator and/or pump, a lower elevation reservoir, and interconnecting pipes. The present figure may show the present embodiment generating energy, such as electricity, which may also be referred to as undergoing a state of discharging.

FIG. 98: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present embodiment may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a cooling system for cooling said higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a higher elevation high density liquid reservoir, a supplemental thermal storage reservoir which may possess temperature layers or a temperature gradient, a heat exchanger, a generator and/or pump, a lower elevation reservoir, and interconnecting pipes. The present figure may show the present embodiment generating energy, such as electricity, which may also be referred to as undergoing a state of discharging.

FIG. 99: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present embodiment may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a cooling system for cooling said higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, a heat exchanger, a pump and/or generator, a lower elevation reservoir, and interconnecting pipes. The present figure may show the present embodiment storing energy, such as electricity, which may also be referred to as undergoing a state of charging.

FIG. 100: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a higher elevation reservoir low density liquid reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir, wherein the higher elevation reservoir may be located on land and the lower elevation reservoir may be located under water.

FIG. 101: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir, wherein the higher elevation reservoir may be located on land and the lower elevation reservoir may be located underwater.

FIG. 102: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir, wherein the higher elevation reservoir may be located underwater near or on the seabed and the lower elevation reservoir may be located under water near or on the seabed.

FIG. 103: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir, wherein the higher elevation reservoir may be located underwater near or on the seabed and the lower elevation reservoir may be located under water near or on the seabed.

FIG. 104: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir, wherein the higher elevation reservoir may be located in the water as a semi-submersible or fully submersed or combination thereof vessel and the lower elevation reservoir may be located under water near or on the seabed.

FIG. 105: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir, wherein the higher elevation reservoir may be located in the water as a semi-submersible or fully submersed or combination thereof vessel and the lower elevation reservoir may be located under water near or on the seabed.

FIG. 106: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir, wherein the higher elevation reservoir may be located in the water as a floating vessel and the lower elevation reservoir may be located under water near or on the seabed.

FIG. 107: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir, wherein the higher elevation reservoir may be located in the water as a floating vessel and the lower elevation reservoir may be located underwater near or on the seabed.

FIG. 108: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a lower elevation reservoir underwater and/or above and/or on the seabed.

FIG. 109: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a lower elevation reservoir underwater and/or above and/or on the seabed.

FIG. 110: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a lower elevation reservoir underwater and/or above and/or on the seabed.

FIG. 111: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a lower elevation reservoir underwater and/or above and/or on the seabed.

FIG. 112: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a lower elevation reservoir underwater and/or underground beneath the seabed or buried or a combination thereof.

FIG. 113: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a lower elevation reservoir underwater and/or underground beneath the seabed or buried or a combination thereof.

FIG. 114: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a lower elevation reservoir underwater and/or underground beneath the seabed or buried or a combination thereof.

FIG. 115: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a lower elevation reservoir underwater and/or underground beneath the seabed or buried or a combination thereof.

FIG. 116: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a lower elevation reservoir underground.

FIG. 117: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a lower elevation reservoir underground.

FIG. 118: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a lower elevation reservoir underground.

FIG. 119: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a lower elevation reservoir underground.

EXAMPLE FIGURE KEYS

FIG. 88 and FIG. 89:

Label Description 1 Higher elevation low density liquid reservoir. May comprise one or more storage tanks. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof May be semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non-refrigerated, or a combination thereof. 2 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a heat exchanger and a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir. 3 A heat exchanger. May comprise a heat exchanger or process for heat exchanging or recovering ‘cold’ or ‘heat’ or ‘thermal energy’ from low density liquid. May a heat exchanger or process for heat exchanging low density liquid and thermal storage liquid. 4 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a heat exchanger and a pump and/or generator. 5 A pump and/or generator. 6 Pipe transferring low density liquid between higher elevation parts and lower elevation parts. Pipe transferring low density iquid between a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir. 7 A lower elevation reservoir. 8 A ‘warm’ thermal storage reservoir. 9 A pipe transferring thermal storage medium or heat transfer liquid or a combination thereof between a warm thermal storage reservoir and a heat exchanger. 10 A pipe transferring thermal storage medium or heat transfer liquid or a combination thereof between a cold thermal storage reservoir and a heat exchanger. 11 A ‘cold’ thermal storage reservoir. 12 A cooling source or a heat sink or a chiller or a refrigeration process or a compressor or a liquefaction process or cooling process or a combination thereof. 13 Represents the transfer of heat transfer fluid or fluids or heat or a combination thereof between ‘12’ and ‘1’. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may contain high elevation parts. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed box Elevation may contain lower elevation parts.

FIG. 90 and FIG. 91:

Label Description 1 Higher elevation low density liquid reservoir. May comprise one or more storage tanks. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof. May be semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non- refrigerated, or a combination thereof 2 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a heat exchanger and a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir. 3 A heat exchanger. May comprise a heat exchanger or process for heat exchanging or recovering ‘cold’ or ‘heat’ or ‘thermal energy’ from low density liquid. May a heat exchanger or process for heat exchanging low density liquid and thermal storage liquid. 4 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a heat exchanger and a pump and/or generator. 5 A pump and/or generator. 6 Pipe transferring low density liquid between higher elevation parts and lower elevation parts. Pipe transferring low density liquid between a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir. 7 A lower elevation reservoir. 8 A 'warm' thermal storage reservoir. 9 A pipe transferring thermal storage medium or heat transfer liquid or a combination thereof between a warm thermal storage reservoir and a heat exchanger. 10 A pipe transferring thermal storage medium or heat transfer liquid or a combination thereof between a cold thermal storage reservoir and a heat exchanger. 11 A ‘cold’ thermal storage reservoir. 12 A cooling source or a heat sink or a chiller or a refrigeration process or a compressor or a liquefaction process or cooling process or a combination thereof. 13 Represents the transfer of heat transfer fluid or fluids or heat or a combination thereof between ‘12’ and ‘1’. 14 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and higher elevation reservoir. 15 A higher elevation high density liquid reservoir. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may contain high elevation parts. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may contain lower elevation parts.

FIG. 92 and FIG. 93:

Label Description 1 Higher elevation low density liquid reservoir. May comprise one or more storage tanks. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof. May be semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non- refrigerated, or a combination thereof 2 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a heat exchanger and a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir. 3 A heat exchanger. May comprise a heat exchanger or process for heat exchanging or recovering ‘cold’ or ‘heat’ or ‘thermal energy’ from low density liquid. May a heat exchanger or process for heat exchanging low density liquid and thermal storage liquid. 4 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a heat exchanger and a pump and/or generator. 5 A pump and/or generator. 6 Pipe transferring low density liquid between higher elevation parts and lower elevation parts. Pipe transferring low density liquid between a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir. 7 A lower elevation reservoir. 8 A thermal storage reservoir. May comprise a thermal storage reservoir with a temperature gradient or thermocline or temperature layers. May comprise a tank. May comprise a tank with a barrier between warm and/or cold regions of said tank. Said barrier may comprise, for example, a sub-bladder tank or a floating barrier or a combination thereof. 9 A pipe transferring thermal storage medium or heat transfer liquid or a combination thereof between a thermal storage reservoir and a heat exchanger. 10 A pipe transferring thermal storage medium or heat transfer liquid or a combination thereof between a thermal storage reservoir and a heat exchanger. 11 A cooling source or a heat sink or a chiller or a refrigeration process or a compressor or a liquefaction process or cooling process or a combination thereof. 12 Represents the transfer of heat transfer fluid or fluids or heat or a combination thereof between ‘12’ and ‘1’. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may contain high elevation parts. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may contain lower elevation parts.

FIG. 94 and FIG. 95:

Label Description 1 Higher elevation low density liquid reservoir. May comprise one or more storage tanks. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof. May be semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non- refrigerated, or a combination thereof 2 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a heat exchanger and a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir. 3 A heat exchanger. May comprise a heat exchanger or process for heat exchanging or recovering ‘cold’ or ‘heat’ or ‘thermal energy’ from low density liquid. May a heat exchanger or process for heat exchanging low density liquid and thermal storage liquid. 4 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a heat exchanger and a pump and/or generator. 5 A pump and/or generator. 6 Pipe transferring low density liquid between higher elevation parts and lower elevation parts. Pipe transferring low density liquid between a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir. 7 A lower elevation reservoir. 8 A thermal storage reservoir. May comprise a thermal storage reservoir with a temperature gradient or thermocline or temperature layers. May comprise a tank. May comprise a tank with a barrier between warm and/or cold regions of said tank. Said barrier may comprise, for example, a sub-bladder tank or a floating barrier or a combination thereof. 9 A pipe transferring thermal storage medium or heat transfer liquid or a combination thereof between a thermal storage reservoir and a heat exchanger. 10 A pipe transferring thermal storage medium or heat transfer liquid or a combination thereof between a thermal storage reservoir and a heat exchanger. 11 A cooling source or a heat sink or a chiller or a refrigeration process or a compressor or a liquefaction process or cooling process or a combination thereof. 12 Represents the transfer of heat transfer fluid or fluids or heat or a combination thereof between ‘12’ and ‘1’. 14 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and higher elevation reservoir. 15 A higher elevation high density liquid reservoir. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may contain high elevation parts. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may contain lower elevation parts.

FIG. 96 and FIG. 97:

Label Description 1 Higher elevation low density liquid reservoir. May comprise one or more storage tanks. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof May be semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non-refrigerated, or a combination thereof. 2 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a pump and/or generator and a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir. 3 A pump and/or generator. 4 Pipe transferring low density liquid between higher elevation parts and lower elevation parts. Pipe transferring low density liquid between a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir. 5 A lower elevation reservoir. 6 A cooling source or a heat sink or a chiller or a refrigeration process or a compressor or a liquefaction process or cooling process or a combination thereof. 7 Represents the transfer of heat transfer fluid or fluids or heat or a combination thereof between ‘12’ and ‘1’. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may contain high elevation parts. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may contain lower elevation parts.

FIG. 98 and FIG. 99:

Label Description 1 Higher elevation low density liquid reservoir. May comprise one or more storage tanks. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof. Maybe semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non- refrigerated, or a combination thereof 2 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a pump and/or generator and a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir. 3 A pump and/or generator. 4 Pipe transferring low density liquid between higher elevation parts and lower elevation parts. Pipe transferring low density liquid between a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir. 5 A lower elevation reservoir. 6 A cooling source or a heat sink or a chiller or a refrigeration process or a compressor or a liquefaction process or cooling process or a combination thereof. 7 Represents The transfer of heat transfer fluid or fluids or heat or a combination thereof between ‘12’ and ‘1’. 8 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and higher elevation reservoir. 9 A higher elevation high density liquid reservoir. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may contain high elevation parts. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may contain lower elevation parts.

Example Step-by-Step Descriptions of Figures

FIG. 88:

Charging:

-   -   1) ‘Cold’ low density liquid may be transferred from a         refrigerated or cooled higher elevation low density liquid         reservoir to a heat exchanger. Said heat exchanger may involve         heat exchanging ‘cold’ low density liquid with ‘warm’ thermal         storage medium, forming ‘warm’ low density liquid and ‘cold’         thermal storage medium. ‘Cold’ thermal storage medium may be         stored in a ‘cold’ thermal storage reservoir. ‘Warm’ low density         liquid is transferred to ‘2)’.     -   2) ‘Warm’ low density liquid is pumped using one or more pumps         to a lower elevation reservoir, where low density liquid         displaces high density liquid. Said pump may be powered by         energy, such as electricity, and said energy may be stored         during said displacing of a high density liquid with a low         density liquid.

FIG. 89:

Discharging:

-   -   1) Low density liquid in a lower elevation reservoir may be         allowed to be displaced by high density liquid. Displaced low         density liquid may be transferred in a pipe to a generator,         generating electricity. Upon reaching higher elevation parts,         which may include said generator, low density liquid may be         ‘warm’, which may mean the low density liquid is at a higher         temperature than low density liquid in a cooled or refrigerated         higher elevation reservoir.     -   2) ‘Warm’ low density liquid may enter a heat exchanger. Said         heat exchanger may involve heat exchanging ‘warm’ low density         liquid with ‘cold’ thermal storage medium, forming ‘cold’ low         density liquid and ‘warm’ thermal storage medium. ‘Warm’ thermal         storage medium may be stored in a ‘warm’ thermal storage         reservoir. ‘Cold’ low density liquid may be transferred to a         refrigerated or cooled higher elevation low density liquid         reservoir.

FIG. 90:

Charging:

-   -   1) ‘Cold’ low density liquid may be transferred from a         refrigerated or cooled higher elevation low density liquid         reservoir to a heat exchanger. Said heat exchanger may involve         heat exchanging ‘cold’ low density liquid with ‘warm’ thermal         storage medium, forming ‘warm’ low density liquid and ‘cold’         thermal storage medium. ‘Cold’ thermal storage medium may be         stored in a ‘cold’ thermal storage reservoir. ‘Warm’ low density         liquid is transferred to ‘2)’.     -   2) ‘Warm’ low density liquid is pumped using one or more pumps         to a lower elevation reservoir, where low density liquid         displaces high density liquid. Said pump may be powered by         energy, such as electricity, and said energy may be stored         during said displacing of a high density liquid with a low         density liquid. Displaced high density liquid may be transferred         through a pipe to a higher elevation high density liquid         reservoir.

FIG. 91:

Discharging:

-   -   1) Low density liquid in a lower elevation reservoir may be         allowed to be displaced by high density liquid in a higher         elevation reservoir. High density liquid from a higher elevation         reservoir is transferred in a pipe to a lower elevation         reservoir, displacing low density liquid in said lower elevation         reservoir. Said displaced low density liquid may be transferred         in a pipe to a generator, generating electricity. Upon reaching         higher elevation parts, which may include said generator, low         density liquid may be ‘warm’, which may mean the low density         liquid is at a higher temperature than low density liquid in a         cooled or refrigerated higher elevation reservoir.     -   2) ‘Warm’ low density liquid may enter a heat exchanger. Said         heat exchanger may involve heat exchanging ‘warm’ low density         liquid with ‘cold’ thermal storage medium, forming ‘cold’ low         density liquid and ‘warm’ thermal storage medium. ‘Warm’ thermal         storage medium may be stored in a ‘warm’ thermal storage         reservoir. ‘Cold’ low density liquid may be transferred to a         refrigerated or cooled higher elevation low density liquid         reservoir.

FIG. 92:

Charging:

-   -   1) ‘Cold’ low density liquid may be transferred from a         refrigerated or cooled higher elevation low density liquid         reservoir to a heat exchanger. Said heat exchanger may involve         heat exchanging ‘cold’ low density liquid with ‘warm’ thermal         storage medium, forming ‘warm’ low density liquid and ‘cold’         thermal storage medium. ‘Cold’ thermal storage medium may be         stored in a thermal storage reservoir. ‘Warm’ low density liquid         may be transferred to ‘2)’.     -   2) ‘Warm’ low density liquid may be pumped using one or more         pumps to a lower elevation reservoir, where low density liquid         displaces high density liquid. Said pump may be powered by         energy, such as electricity, and said energy may be stored         during said displacing of a high density liquid with a low         density liquid.

FIG. 93:

Discharging:

-   -   1) Low density liquid in a lower elevation reservoir may be         allowed to be displaced by high density liquid. Displaced low         density liquid may be transferred in a pipe to a generator,         generating electricity. Upon reaching higher elevation parts,         which may include said generator, low density liquid may be         ‘warm’, which may mean the low density liquid is at a higher         temperature than low density liquid in a cooled or refrigerated         higher elevation reservoir.     -   2) ‘Warm’ low density liquid may enter a heat exchanger. Said         heat exchanger may involve heat exchanging ‘warm’ low density         liquid with ‘cold’ thermal storage medium, forming ‘cold’ low         density liquid and ‘warm’ thermal storage medium. ‘Warm’ thermal         storage medium may be stored in a thermal storage reservoir.         ‘Cold’ low density liquid may be transferred to a refrigerated         or cooled higher elevation low density liquid reservoir.

FIG. 94:

Charging:

-   -   1) ‘Cold’ low density liquid may be transferred from a         refrigerated or cooled higher elevation low density liquid         reservoir to a heat exchanger. Said heat exchanger may involve         heat exchanging ‘cold’ low density liquid with ‘warm’ thermal         storage medium, forming ‘warm’ low density liquid and ‘cold’         thermal storage medium. ‘Cold’ thermal storage medium may be         stored in a thermal storage reservoir. ‘Warm’ low density liquid         is transferred to ‘2)’.     -   2) ‘Warm’ low density liquid is pumped using one or more pumps         to a lower elevation reservoir, where low density liquid         displaces high density liquid. Said pump may be powered by         energy, such as electricity, and said energy may be stored         during said displacing of a high density liquid with a low         density liquid. Displaced high density liquid may be transferred         through a pipe to a higher elevation high density liquid         reservoir.

FIG. 95:

Discharging:

-   -   1) Low density liquid in a lower elevation reservoir may be         allowed to be displaced by high density liquid in a higher         elevation reservoir. High density liquid from a higher elevation         reservoir is transferred in a pipe to a lower elevation         reservoir, displacing low density liquid in said lower elevation         reservoir. Said displaced low density liquid may be transferred         in a pipe to a generator, generating electricity. Upon reaching         higher elevation parts, which may include said generator, low         density liquid may be ‘warm’, which may mean the low density         liquid is at a higher temperature than low density liquid in a         cooled or refrigerated higher elevation reservoir.     -   2) ‘Warm’ low density liquid may enter a heat exchanger. Said         heat exchanger may involve heat exchanging ‘warm’ low density         liquid with ‘cold’ thermal storage medium, forming ‘cold’ low         density liquid and ‘warm’ thermal storage medium. ‘Warm’ thermal         storage medium may be stored in a thermal storage reservoir.         ‘Cold’ low density liquid may be transferred to a refrigerated         or cooled higher elevation low density liquid reservoir.

FIG. 96:

Charging:

-   -   ‘Cold’ low density liquid is pumped using one or more pumps to a         lower elevation reservoir, where low density liquid displaces         high density liquid. Said pump may be powered by energy, such as         electricity, and said energy may be stored during said         displacing of a high density liquid with a low density liquid.

FIG. 97:

Discharging:

-   -   Low density liquid in a lower elevation reservoir may be allowed         to be displaced by high density liquid. Said displaced low         density liquid may be transferred in a pipe to a generator,         generating electricity. Upon reaching higher elevation parts,         which may include said generator, low density liquid may be         ‘warm’, which may mean the low density liquid is at a higher         temperature than low density liquid in a cooled or refrigerated         higher elevation reservoir. Said ‘warm’ low density liquid may         undergo cooling before, during, or after or a combination         thereof entering a cooled or refrigerated low density liquid         higher elevation reservoir.

FIG. 98:

Charging:

-   -   ‘Cold’ low density liquid is pumped using one or more pumps to a         lower elevation reservoir, where low density liquid displaces         high density liquid. Said displaced high density liquid may be         transferred in a pipe to a higher elevation high density liquid         reservoir. Said pump may be powered by energy, such as         electricity, and said energy may be stored during said         displacing of a high density liquid with a low density liquid.

FIG. 99:

Discharging:

-   -   Low density liquid in a lower elevation reservoir may be allowed         to be displaced by high density liquid in a higher elevation         reservoir. High density liquid from a higher elevation reservoir         is transferred in a pipe to a lower elevation reservoir,         displacing low density liquid in said lower elevation reservoir.         Said displaced low density liquid may be transferred in a pipe         to a generator, generating electricity. Upon reaching higher         elevation parts, which may include said generator, low density         liquid may be ‘warm’, which may mean the low density liquid is         at a higher temperature than low density liquid in a cooled or         refrigerated higher elevation reservoir. Said ‘warm’ low density         liquid may undergo cooling before, during, or after or a         combination thereof entering a cooled or refrigerated low         density liquid higher elevation reservoir.

DESCRIPTION

In some embodiments, the low density liquid may possess a low boiling point. In some embodiments, the external pressure or ambient pressure surrounding a low density liquid reservoir may be less than the vapor pressure of the low density liquid if the low density liquid is stored at ambient temperature. If the pressure of the low density liquid inside a reservoir exceeds the pressure surrounding or adjacent to said reservoir, the reservoir may be ‘pressurized’ and must be resistant to said pressure to ensure safety and prevent rupture. Pressurized reservoirs, such as ASME pressurized tanks, are utilized for storing butane, propane, LPG, and other volatile liquid storage in the art and may be employed. To enable pressurization and pressure resistance, pressurized tanks may require thicker walls, or stronger reinforcement, or stronger materials, or a combination thereof compared to non-pressurized tanks. As a result, pressurized tanks are generally more expensive than non-pressurized tanks for storing the same mass of volatile liquid. Additionally, among pressurized tanks, the higher the pressure rating or pressure resistance, generally the more expensive the tank.

In some embodiments, one or more low density liquid reservoirs may be cooled or actively cooled or undergo some form of thermal management. For example, in some embodiments, a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir may be cooled or refrigerated. Cooling or ‘refrigerate’ may be employed interchangeably, and may simply describe the active removing of heat. For example, in some embodiments, a higher elevation low density liquid storage reservoir may be cooled or refrigerated to reduce the required pressure resistance of a higher elevation low density liquid storage reservoir or enable a higher elevation low density liquid storage reservoir to be non-pressurized or a combination thereof. Refrigerated storage tanks are utilized for storing butane, propane, LPG, and other volatile liquids in the art and may be employed.

Active refrigerating or cooling may require energy input and said energy input may be parasitic. The energy required to refrigerate or cool low density liquid may decrease total round trip energy efficiency. Minimizing energy required in refrigerating or cooling a low density liquid storage reservoir may be advantageous to maximizing round trip energy efficiency of the energy storage system.

In some embodiments, a higher elevation low density liquid storage reservoir may be refrigerated. A refrigerated or cooled storage reservoir may enable lower capital cost due to, for example, the capability of using a non-pressurized tank or less pressurized tank.

In some embodiments, a refrigerated higher elevation low density liquid storage reservoir may be employed with the integration of supplemental thermal storage. Supplemental thermal storage may be employed to minimize parasitic energy requirements associated with refrigerating or cooling a low density liquid storage reservoir. Supplemental thermal storage may be employed to minimize the required cooling or refrigeration capacity, or ‘cooling tonnage’, to refrigerate or cool a low density liquid storage reservoir, which may minimize the capital cost or energy demands or a combination thereof of the cooling equipment. Supplemental thermal storage may be integrated to recover the ‘cold’ stored in a low density liquid's specific heat capacity before a low density liquid is transferred to a lower elevation reservoir during the storing of electricity or ‘charging’ of the energy storage system. Supplemental thermal storage may be integrated to cool a low density liquid before transferring said low density liquid into a refrigerated or cooled higher elevation low density liquid storage reservoir during the generation of electricity or ‘discharging’ of the energy storage system.

There are various systems, methods, and configurations for integrating supplemental thermal storage.

For example, in some embodiments, an integrated supplemental thermal storage system may involve a thermal storage reservoir, a thermal storage media, a heat transfer media, and a heat exchanger. In the present example, the thermal storage media and the heat transfer media may comprise the same media and may comprise a high heat capacity liquid, which may include, but is not limited to, water, or water with a freezing point depressant, or aqueous salt brine, or aqueous brine, or a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. In the present example, the thermal storage reservoir may comprise one or more storage tanks which store thermal storage media. In some embodiments, the thermal storage reservoir may comprise one tank with a temperature gradient or thermocline. In some embodiments, the thermal storage reservoir may comprise two tanks, wherein one tank may be for ‘cold’ thermal storage media and one tank may be for ‘warm’ thermal storage media. The present example may a thermal storage reservoir comprising two tanks, one tank for ‘cold’ thermal storage media and one tank for ‘warm’ thermal storage media. In the present example, the heat exchanger may comprise a heat exchanger which facilitates heat transfer between the thermal storage media and the low density liquid. The present example may employ normal butane as a low density liquid, although other low density liquids may be employed if desired. The present example may store electricity or energy by pumping a low density liquid from a higher elevation reservoir to a lower elevation reservoir, displacing water in the lower elevation reservoir. The present example may generate electricity or energy by allowing water to displace low density liquid in a lower elevation reservoir, displacing the low density liquid into a pipe to a generator, generating electricity or energy, and into a higher elevation reservoir.

-   -   In the present example, during the storing of electricity, or         ‘charging’, low density liquid exiting or after exiting a         refrigerated higher elevation storage reservoir may pass through         a heat exchanger, where the ‘cold’ low density liquid may be         heat exchanged with ‘warm’ thermal storage liquid, which may         result in the formation of ‘warm’ low density liquid and ‘cold’         thermal storage liquid. The cold thermal storage liquid may be         transferred to a thermal storage reservoir. ‘Warm’ low density         liquid may be transferred in a pipe to a lower elevation         reservoir. Said heat exchanging may be conducted before, during,         or after a pumping step. For example, the present example may         involve a first pump which increases the pressure of the ‘cold’         low density liquid to a pressure greater than the vapor pressure         of the low density liquid at the ‘warm’ temperature range, then,         after heat exchanging in the heat exchanger, the resulting         ‘warm’ low density liquid may undergo a subsequent pumping step         which increases the pressure of the low density liquid to a         pressure sufficient to transfer the low density liquid to a         lower elevation reservoir. For example, the present example may         involve pumping the ‘cold’ low density liquid to a pressure         sufficient to transfer the low density liquid to the lower         elevation reservoir, then heat exchanging said ‘cold’ low         density liquid with ‘warm’ heat transfer liquid, and         transferring the resulting ‘warm’ low density liquid to a lower         elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, the heat exchanging         may occur before or during the transferring of the low density         liquid to a lower elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, the         heat exchanger may comprise, including, but not limited to, one         or more or a combination of the following: a shell in tube heat         exchanger, or a plate heat exchange, or a coil wrapped around a         low density liquid pipe, a thermally conductive low density         liquid pipe segment, or one or more heat exchanging methods         known in the art.     -   In the present example, during the generation of electricity, or         ‘discharging’, low density liquid before, during, or after, or a         combination thereof entering a generator may pass through a heat         exchanger, where the ‘warm’ low density liquid may be heat         exchanged with ‘cold’ thermal storage liquid, which may result         in the formation of ‘cold’ low density liquid and ‘warm’ thermal         storage liquid. The warm thermal storage liquid may be         transferred to a thermal storage reservoir. ‘Cold’ low density         liquid may be transferred to a higher elevation reservoir, which         comprise a cooled or refrigerated higher elevation reservoir. In         some embodiments, said ‘cold’ low density liquid resulting from         said heat exchange may be at a temperature near, or equal to, or         less than the temperature of a refrigerated or cooled higher         elevation low density liquid reservoir. The present example may         involve generating electricity from the high pressure warm low         density liquid, which may depressurize the ‘warm’ low density         liquid to a pressure greater than the vapor pressure of the low         density liquid at the ‘warm’ temperature, then, after heat         exchanging in the heat exchanger, the resulting ‘cold’ low         density liquid may enter a second generator or depressurization         step which may decrease the pressure of the ‘cold’ low density         liquid to a pressure appropriate from transfer into a cooled or         refrigerated low density liquid storage reservoir. The present         example may involve generating electricity from the high         pressure warm low density liquid, then heat exchanging the warm         low density liquid to form cold low density liquid, then         transferring the cold low density liquid into a higher elevation         low density liquid storage reservoir. In some embodiments, the         warm low density liquid entering the heat exchanger may be at a         pressure greater than or equal to the vapor pressure of the low         density liquid at the ‘warm’ temperature and the ‘cold’ low         density liquid exiting the heat exchanger may be at a pressure         sufficient for transfer into a cooled or refrigerated higher         elevation low density liquid reservoir. In some embodiments, the         warm low density liquid entering the heat exchanger may be at a         pressure greater than or equal to the vapor pressure of the low         density liquid at the ‘warm’ temperature and the ‘cold’ low         density liquid exiting the heat exchanger may require further         depressurization before transfer into a cooled or refrigerated         higher elevation low density liquid reservoir. In some         embodiments, the warm low density liquid entering the heat         exchanger may be at a pressure greater than or equal to the         vapor pressure of the low density liquid at the ‘warm’         temperature and the ‘cold’ low density liquid exiting the heat         exchangers may require further depressurization before transfer         into a cooled or refrigerated higher elevation low density         liquid reservoir. In some embodiments, the heat exchanger may         comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or a         combination of the following: a shell in tube heat exchanger, or         a plate heat exchange, or a coil wrapped around a low density         liquid pipe, a thermally conductive low density liquid pipe         segment, or one or more heat exchanging methods known in the         art.     -   In some embodiments, the pump and generator may comprise the         same unit, such as a reversible pump/generator or hydraulic         power recovery turbine.     -   In some embodiments, the same heat exchanger may be employed         during changing as is employed during discharging.

In embodiments employing cooled or refrigerated low density liquid storage tanks, supplemental thermal storage may be beneficial to maximizing system round trip efficiency. The calculations for an example system are shown below:

-   -   In the present example system, liquid normal butane may be         provided as an example low density liquid.     -   In the present example, the example outside ambient temperature         is 30 degrees Celsius.     -   The present example comprises 1 GWh of energy storage     -   With a lower elevation reservoir located at a water depth of         about 3,000 meters and a higher elevation reservoir located at         an elevation of about 0 meters, the present example requires         about 235,294 cubic meters of liquid normal butane or about         134,823 metric tons of liquid normal butane at a density of 573         kg per cubic meter.     -   Liquid normal butane has a boiling point of about −1° C. at         atmospheric pressure     -   The liquid butane in the present example may be stored in a         refrigerated higher elevation reservoir at about −3° C. when at         a stable state or emptying, and −1° C. when the higher elevation         reservoir is filling.     -   The present example stores electricity (charging) by pumping a         low density liquid from a higher elevation reservoir to a lower         elevation reservoir, displacing water in the lower elevation         reservoir.     -   The present example generates electricity (discharging) by         allowing water to displace a low density liquid in lower         elevation reservoir, and the displaced low density liquid is         transferred in a pipe to a generator, generating electricity,         and into a higher elevation reservoir.     -   For the purposes of the present example, the temperature of the         low density entering at least one higher elevation part of the         system (higher elevation parts may include, but are not limited         to, higher elevation pipe segments, the generator, tanks,         reservoirs, and/or any heat exchangers) during discharging may         be at the ambient temperature, which for the present example is         30 degrees Celsius. In practice, the temperature of the low         density liquid entering at least one higher elevation part of         the system during discharging may be lower than ambient         temperature due to the lower temperature of the deep ocean         (generally about 0 to 5° C.) and the generally colder         temperature of the ocean (the temperature of the ocean in most         of the world, including at surface water depths, is generally         less than 30° C. most of the year).     -   The present example shows a full charge/discharge cycle, where         the higher elevation reservoir is practically emptied during         charging and practically filled during discharging. In practice,         an energy storage system may operate at various charge and         discharge states, an may undergo charging or discharging or a         combination thereof when a higher elevation reservoir is         partially filled or empty or full or a combination thereof.     -   The heat exchanger temperature difference between heat exchanged         fluids is assumed to be ab out 1° K     -   The ‘warm’ thermal storage liquid is assumed to be at the         example ambient temperature, or 30 degrees Celsius. In practice,         the ‘warm’ thermal storage liquid may be at a temperature less         than ambient due to, for example, including, but not limited to,         the returning low density liquid during discharging being at a         temperature less than ambient, or due to thermal management         systems, or due to a combination thereof     -   The specific heat capacity of liquid normal butane is 2.275 J/g°         K     -   The heat capacity of 134,823 metric tons of liquid normal butane         is 306,722 MJ/° K     -   As shown in the below examples with calculations, an example         embodiment with a refrigerated or cooled higher elevation low         density liquid reservoir with supplemental thermal storage may         require significantly less cooling energy or parasitic cooling         than an example embodiment with a refrigerated or cooled higher         elevation low density liquid reservoir without supplemental         thermal storage. As shown in the below examples with         calculations, an example embodiment with a refrigerated or         cooled higher elevation low density liquid reservoir without         supplemental thermal storage may require a parasitic load or         reduction in round trip efficiency of about 14-28% for cooling.         As shown in the below examples with calculations, an example         embodiment with a refrigerated or cooled higher elevation low         density liquid reservoir with supplemental thermal storage may         require a parasitic load or reduction in round trip efficiency         of about 1-3% for cooling. Clearly, a supplemental thermal         storage system can be advantageous to maximize the round trip         efficiency of embodiments employing a refrigerated higher         elevation low density liquid reservoir. Additionally, a         supplemental thermal storage system can be advantageous to         minimizing CAPEX, due to the smaller cooling capacity         requirements in embodiments employing a refrigerated higher         elevation low density liquid reservoir with supplemental thermal         storage compared to embodiments employing a refrigerated higher         elevation low density liquid reservoir without supplemental         thermal storage.     -   Version of the present example with supplemental thermal         storage:         -   Steps             -   1) Charging: During charging from 0% to 100% charged,                 134,823 metric tons of ‘cold’ liquid normal butane at a                 temperature of −3° C. exits a refrigerated or cooled                 higher elevation reservoir and is heat exchanged with                 ‘warm’ thermal storage liquid. Exiting the heat exchange                 is ‘cold’ thermal storage liquid at −2° C. and ‘warm’                 liquid normal butane at a temperature of 29° C. The                 ‘warm’ low density liquid may be transferred to a lower                 elevation reservoir. The thermal storage liquid may be                 stored in a thermal storage reservoir. In some                 embodiments, ‘cold’ thermal storage liquid in a thermal                 storage reservoir may be maintained at or near a design                 ‘cold’ temperature. Said maintaining may involve, for                 example, including, but not limited to, refrigeration,                 other forms of cooling, insulation, radiative cooling,                 or other forms of thermal management.             -   2) Discharging: During discharging from 100% to 0%,                 134,823 metric tons of ‘warm’ liquid normal butane                 enters a heat exchange with ‘cold’ thermal storage                 liquid. For the present example, the ‘warm’ liquid                 normal butane is 30° C. and the ‘cold’ thermal storage                 liquid is −2° C. Exiting the heat exchange is ‘warm’                 thermal storage liquid at 29° C. and ‘cold’ liquid                 normal butane at a temperature of −1° C. The ‘cold’                 liquid normal butane is transferred into a refrigerated                 or cooled higher elevation low density liquid reservoir.                 The ‘warm’ thermal storage liquid is transferred into a                 thermal storage reservoir.         -   Cooling Energy Consumption             -   In the present example, it may be desirable for the                 normal liquid butane to be cooled to a design storage                 temperature or design emptying temperature. In the                 present example, normal liquid butane in a refrigerated                 or cooled higher elevation low density liquid storage                 reservoir may be cooled from a temperature of −1° C. to                 a temperature of −3° C. Said cooling may occurring                 during filling or during storage or during emptying or a                 combination thereof             -   With a heat capacity of 306,722 MJ/° C., cooling from                 −1° C. to −3° C. requires the removal of 613,444 MJ of                 heat.             -   Using a refrigeration cycle or cooling system with a                 coefficient of performance of 6, cooling will require                 102,241 MJ of electricity or 28.4 MWh of electricity.                 The present example energy storage system stores 1 GWh                 of electricity, so 28.4 MWh of electricity is a cooling                 parasitic load of 2.84% or reduces the overall round                 trip efficiency of the energy storage system by about                 2.84%.             -   Using a refrigeration cycle or cooling system with a                 coefficient of performance of 15, which may assume the                 use of deep ocean seawater as a heat sink or lower                 ambient temperatures or lower wet bulb temperatures, or                 a combination thereof, cooling will require 40,896 MJ of                 electricity or 11.36 MWh of electricity. The present                 example energy storage system stores 1 GWh of                 electricity, so 11.36 MWh of electricity is a cooling                 parasitic load of 1.136% or reduces the overall round                 trip efficiency of the energy storage system by about                 1.136%.         -   Note: In some embodiments, a cold thermal storage may be             cooled to a design temperature lower than or equal to the             design low density liquid storage temperature before,             during, or after or a combination thereof heat exchange with             ‘cold’ low density liquid.     -   Version of the present example without supplemental thermal         storage:         -   Steps             -   1) Charging: During charging from 0% to 100% charged,                 134,823 metric tons of ‘cold’ liquid normal butane at a                 temperature of −3° C. exits a refrigerated or cooled                 higher elevation reservoir. The ‘cold’ low density                 liquid is transferred directly to the lower elevation                 reservoir.             -   2) Discharging: During discharging from 100% to 0%,                 134,823 metric tons of ‘warm’ liquid normal butane                 enters higher elevation parts. For the present example,                 the ‘warm’ liquid normal butane is ambient temperature,                 which for this example is 30° C. In practice, ‘warm’ low                 density liquid may be colder than ambient temperature or                 may be warmer than ambient temperature or both. In the                 present example, ‘warm’ liquid butane must be cooled                 from 30° C. to −3° C., or at least to −1° C., before                 entering a refrigerated or cooled low density liquid                 higher elevation reservoir.         -   Cooling Energy Consumption             -   In the present example, ‘warm’ liquid butane must be                 cooled from 30° C. to −3° C., or at least to −1° C. Said                 cooling may occurring during filling or during storage                 or during emptying or a combination thereof.             -   With a heat capacity of 306,722 MJ/° C., cooling from                 30° C. to −3° C. requires the removal of 10,121,826 MJ                 of heat.             -   Using a refrigeration cycle or cooling system with an                 average coefficient of performance of 10, cooling will                 require 1,012,183 MJ of electricity or 281.2 MWh of                 electricity. The present example energy storage system                 stores 1 GWh of electricity, so 281.2 MWh of electricity                 is a cooling parasitic load of 28.12% or reduces the                 overall round trip efficiency of the energy storage                 system by about 28.12%.             -   Using a refrigeration cycle or cooling system with a                 coefficient of performance of 20, which may assume the                 use of deep ocean seawater as a heat sink or lower                 ambient temperatures or lower wet bulb temperatures, or                 a combination thereof, cooling will require 506,091 MJ                 of electricity or 140.58 MWh of electricity. The present                 example energy storage system stores 1 GWh of                 electricity, so 140.58 MWh of electricity is a cooling                 parasitic load of 14.058% or reduces the overall round                 trip efficiency of the energy storage system by about                 14.058%.

In some embodiments, ‘cold’ thermal storage medium may be maintained at a temperature less than or equal to the temperature of low density liquid in a refrigerated or cooled low density liquid storage reservoir. Said maintaining may involve some form of thermal management. For example, said thermal management may involve systems and methods for cooling or temperature control or temperature monitoring or a combination thereof described herein or known in the art or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a thermal management system employed for a ‘cold’ thermal storage medium may be overlapping or integrated with the thermal management system employed in cooling a refrigerated low density liquid storage reservoir. In some embodiments, a thermal management system employed for a ‘cold’ thermal storage medium may be separate from the thermal management system employed in cooling a refrigerated low density liquid storage reservoir.

Additional systems and methods for minimizing parasitic energy consumption related to cooling or refrigerating a low density liquid reservoir may include, but are not limited to:

-   -   Insulating the reservoir     -   Efficient refrigerators     -   Employing the evaporation or boiling of low density liquid         inside the low density liquid reservoir cool the low density         liquid in said reservoir. The resulting low density liquid         vapors may be recirculated internally by, for example,         condensing said vapors into a liquid by means of compression,         cooling, or both. Said condensed low density liquid vapors,         which may comprise liquid low density liquid, may be returned to         a low density liquid reservoir at a liquid phase. Alternatively         or additionally, said low density liquid vapors may be used for         another application, which may include, but is not limited to,         as a fuel or an industrial feedstock or a chemical feedstock or         a refrigerant, or a combination thereof.     -   Employing evaporative cooling     -   Employing water based evaporative cooling     -   Employing cold deep ocean temperatures to cool or as a heat         transfer medium     -   Radiant cooling     -   OTEC     -   Seawater cooling     -   Employing seawater as a heat sink for a refrigerator or chiller     -   Employing cold deep sea water as a heat sink for a refrigerator         or chiller     -   Employing reflective or non-light or heat absorbing colors or         coatings on tanks     -   Employing thermal storage     -   Employing high density liquid or water or both, which may be         located within the energy storage system as system working         fluids, as a ‘heat’ sink to cool a refrigerated or cooled low         density liquid reservoir or a supplemental thermal storage         reservoir or both. In some embodiments, high density liquid or         water or both in a lower elevation reservoir are displaced to a         higher elevation reservoir during charging. Said displaced high         density liquid or water or both may be at a lower temperature         than ambient temperature due to, for example, the potentially         relatively lower temperature of the deep ocean than some ambient         temperatures and/or heat exchanging with the deep ocean. For         example, said displaced high density liquid or water or both may         be heat exchanged with a refrigerated or cooled low density         liquid reservoir or a supplemental thermal storage reservoir or         both to cool said reservoirs. For example, said displaced high         density liquid or water or both may be employed as a heat sink         for a refrigeration cycle employed to cool or remove heat from a         refrigerated or cooled low density liquid reservoir or a         supplemental thermal storage reservoir or both to cool said         reservoirs.

In some embodiments, a refrigerated higher elevation storage tank may be employed in the absence of supplemental thermal storage. If the cooling or refrigeration methods are non-patristic in form or require minimal energy or are passive or a combination thereof, the round-trip efficiency of an embodiment with a refrigerated or cooled low density liquid reservoir, such as a refrigerated or cooled low density liquid higher elevation reservoir, may be similar to the round-trip efficiency of embodiments with a non-refrigerated or non-cooled low density liquid reservoir. If the cooling or refrigeration methods are parasitic in form, the round-trip efficiency of an embodiment with a refrigerated or cooled low density liquid reservoir, such as a refrigerated or cooled low density liquid higher elevation reservoir, may be less than the round-trip efficiency of embodiments with a non-refrigerated or non-cooled low density liquid higher elevation reservoir. Some embodiments employing a cooled or refrigerated tank without supplemental thermal storage may possess a lower capital cost than embodiments employing a cooled or refrigerated tank with supplemental thermal storage due to, for example, the capability of using a non-pressurized tank or less pressurized tank and/or the lack of supplemental thermal storage and related heat exchangers. Some embodiments employing a cooled or refrigerated tank without supplemental thermal storage may possess a higher capital cost than embodiments employing a cooled or refrigerated tank with supplemental thermal storage due to, for example, higher cooling capacity requirements in embodiments employing a cooled or refrigerated tank without supplemental thermal storage than in embodiments employing a cooled or refrigerated tank with supplemental thermal storage.

In some embodiments, energy is stored by pumping a low density liquid to displace a higher density liquid in a lower elevation reservoir and energy is stored by allowing a higher density liquid to displace low density liquid in a lower elevation reservoir. In some of the presently described embodiments, the lower elevation reservoir may be underwater or under-liquid or underground or both. In some embodiments where a lower elevation reservoir is underwater or under-liquid, it may be desirable for the higher density liquid to possess a density similar to or equal to the density of the fluid or liquid surrounding or adjacent to a lower elevation reservoir, which may result in hydrostatic equilibrium and/or minimized pressure differences between the interior and exterior of a lower elevation reservoir. In some embodiments where a lower elevation reservoir is underground, enhanced density higher density liquids may be employed, due to, for example, the ability for ground to exert equilibrium pressure regardless of the density of the higher density liquid.

In some embodiments where a lower elevation reservoir is underground, the lower density liquid may be in direct contact with the higher density liquid in the lower elevation reservoir. If the lower density liquid is in direct contact with the higher density liquid, it may be desirable for the lower density liquid to be insoluble or possess a limited solubility in the higher density liquid and/or it may be desirable for the lower density liquid to be a non-hydrate forming lower density liquid.

It is important to note that a lower density liquid may be inherently advantageous to compressed air for reasons in addition to the inherently greater round-trip efficiency of using a lower density liquid to displace a higher density liquid. For example, unlike air, lower density liquid may be in direct contact with water regardless of the pressure or depth or combination thereof, enabling practically unlimited potential energy density and underground depth. Ultra-energy dense embodiments may be envisioned, which may include, but is not limited to, underground or underwater or under-liquid or a combination thereof depths or elevation differences greater than or equal to 1,000 meters, 2,000 meters, or the 3,000 meters, or 4,000 meters, or 5,000 meters, or 6,000 meters, or 7,000 meters, or 8,000 meters, or 9,000 meters, or 10,000 meters, or 11,000 meters, or 12,000 meters, or 13,000 meters, or 14,000 meters, or 15,000 meters, or 20,000 meters, or 25,000 meters, or 30,000 meters, or 35,000 meters, or 40,000 meters, or 45,000 meters, or 50,000 meters. Elevation differences may comprise difference in elevation between a higher elevation reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir, or a first reservoir and a second reservoir, or a first reservoir and a third reservoir, or any combination thereof. On the other hand, air, specifically nitrogen in air, forms gas hydrates at pressures above 173 bar (about 1,730 meters of hydrostatic water head), limiting the energy density and depth of systems based on displacing water with air. Additionally, the solubility of air or other gases increases in water with pressure due to Henry's Law. Unlike air, the solubility of some low density liquids in water may not substantially or practically increase with pressure. Additionally, air forms a supercritical fluid at pressures greater than about 30 bar. Unlike air, a liquid generally remains a liquid regardless of pressure, as long as the pressure is above the boiling point pressure of the liquid at the temperature of the liquid.

In some embodiments, higher density liquid may comprise density enhancers or may comprise a liquid with a density greater than water or both. Increasing the density of a higher density liquid or decreasing the density of the lower density liquid or both increase the energy density of the energy storage system. Embodiments where the higher density liquid and lower density liquid are in a closed system and the lower elevation reservoir is underground or surrounded by solid or both, it may be particularly advantageous to maximize the density of the higher density liquid. For example, higher density liquid or enhanced higher density liquid may include, but is not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: an aqueous salt solution, an aqueous brine, a liquid salt, a halogen, a heavy liquid, a liquid metal, a concentrated aqueous solution, a urea ammonium nitrate solution, frac water, concentrated frac water, desalination brine, or a mining brine.

In some embodiments, a lower elevation reservoir may be located in a region with a different temperature than a higher elevation reservoir. Additionally, pipes transferring liquids between reservoirs may transit through regions where the temperature is different from the temperature of a higher elevation reservoir, a lower elevation reservoir, or both. In some embodiments, temperature differences may be harnessed and/or exploited. For example, temperature differences may be harnessed and/or exploited for cooling, heating, or both. For example, temperature differences may be harnessed and/or exploited to generate electricity, desalinate water, facilitate separations, freeze, boil water, or conduct other valuable work or activities.

Temperature differences may be harnessed and/or exploited during process operations or as an auxiliary benefit of process operations.

-   -   For example, a lower elevation reservoir may be located         underwater in a region where the temperature is substantially         different from the temperature of the region of the higher         elevation reservoir. For example, the temperature of water         surrounding or adjacent a lower elevation reservoir underwater         may be less than 10 degrees Celsius or less than 5 degrees         Celsius and the temperature of environmental surrounding or         adjacent a higher elevation reservoir may be greater than 5         degrees Celsius or greater than 10 degrees Celsius. In         embodiments where a higher elevation low density liquid         reservoir is partially refrigerated or refrigerated or cooled,         it may be desirable to harness or exploit the potentially         sub-ambient temperature of low density liquid displaced from a         lower elevation reservoir to reduce cooling or refrigerating         energy consumption. In embodiments where a higher elevation low         density liquid reservoir is partially refrigerated or         refrigerated or cooled, it may be desirable to harness or         exploit the potentially sub-ambient temperature of low density         liquid or high density liquid or both displaced from a lower         elevation reservoir to reduce cooling or refrigerating energy         consumption. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to harness         or exploit the potentially sub-ambient temperature of low         density liquid or high density liquid or both displaced from a         lower elevation reservoir to provide process cooling, district         cooling, air conditioning cooling, power plant cooling, or other         cooling needs. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to         harness or exploit the potentially sub-ambient temperature of         low density liquid or high density liquid or both displaced from         a lower elevation reservoir for power generation. Low density         liquid or high density liquid or both displaced from a lower         elevation reservoir may be heat exchanged with a process         harnessing or exploiting said potentially sub-ambient         temperature before, during, or after, or a combination thereof         storing said low density liquid or high density liquid or both         in a higher elevation reservoir.     -   For example, a lower elevation reservoir may be located         underground in a region where the temperature is substantially         different from the temperature of the region of the higher         elevation reservoir. For example, the temperature surrounding or         adjacent a lower elevation reservoir may be greater than 10         degrees Celsius, or 20 degrees Celsius, or 30 degrees Celsius,         or 40 degrees Celsius, or 50 degrees Celsius and the temperature         surrounding or adjacent a higher elevation reservoir may be less         than 0 degrees Celsius, or less than 10 degrees Celsius, or less         than 20 degrees Celsius, or less than 30 degrees Celsius, or         less than 40 degrees Celsius, or less than 50 degrees Celsius.         In some embodiments, it may be desirable to harness or exploit         the potentially higher than ambient temperature of low density         liquid or high density liquid or both displaced from a lower         elevation reservoir for district heating, process heating, or         other heating needs. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to         harness or exploit the potentially higher than ambient         temperature of low density liquid or high density liquid or both         displaced from a lower elevation reservoir for power generation.         Low density liquid or high density liquid or both displaced from         a lower elevation reservoir may be heat exchanged with a process         harnessing or exploiting said potentially higher than ambient         temperature before, during, or after, or a combination thereof         storing said low density liquid or high density liquid or both         in a higher elevation reservoir.

In some embodiments, the low density or high density liquid or both may comprise a thermal storage medium. The large mass or thermal mass of liquid stored in some embodiments may be advantageous for use as or dual use as a thermal storage medium or a temperature buffer or both. For example, the low density liquid or high density liquid or both may be employed as a medium for cooling thermal storage, or heating thermal storage, or cooling, or heating, or heat transfer in an HVAC, or district heating system, or district cooling system, or process cooling, or process heating, or temperature stabilization, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, it may be desirable to employ a non-hydrate forming low density liquid. A non-hydrate forming low density liquid may comprise a liquid which does not form solid hydrates or clathrates in the presence of water under pressure. It may be advantageous to employ non-hydrate forming low density liquid as the low density liquid to enable, for example, direct contact between water and the low density liquid. For example, a non-hydrate forming low density liquid and/or direct contact between water and low density liquid may prevent or minimize the need to for a mechanical pressure exchange barrier, such as a piston, or floating separator, or bladder, which may enable longer system lifespan, lower costs, and less mechanical moving parts. For example, a non-hydrate forming low density liquid may enable direct contact pressure exchange with subsea seawater, which may reduce capital cost, reduce complexity, increase round trip efficiency, or increase system longevity, or a combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, a non-hydrate forming low density liquid may enable direct contact of the low density liquid with an aqueous high density liquid, which may include, but are not limited to, high density liquids comprising water, or high density liquids comprising water and a density enhancer or a density enhancing reagent, or combination thereof.

In some embodiments, a portion of a low density liquid may dissolve in a high density liquid. In some embodiments, a portion of a low density liquid may dissolve in a high density liquid, even if said low density liquid is sparingly soluble or practically insoluble in said high density liquid. In some embodiments where high density liquid in displaced by low density liquid in a lower elevation reservoir, and said displaced high density liquid is transferred to a high density liquid higher elevation reservoir, low density liquid dissolved in high density liquid may form a low density liquid vapor pressure. If desired, said low density liquid or low density liquid vapor or low density liquid vapor pressure or a combination thereof may be removed or recovered before, during, or after, or a combination thereof storage of a high density liquid in a higher elevation high density liquid reservoir. For example, said low density liquid vapor from a high density liquid may undergo a compression, or cooling, or liquefaction, or combination thereof process, forming liquid phase low density liquid and/or said liquid phase low density liquid to a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir.

Notes

-   -   Note: In some embodiments, the thermal storage media and the         heat transfer media may comprise the same material or a         different material. For example, in some embodiments, the         thermal storage media and the heat transfer media may both         comprise a liquid or a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid or         both. For example, in some embodiments, the thermal storage         media may comprise a solid-liquid phase transition material, or         a solid-solid phase transition material, or a solid-liquid         slurry or a combination thereof, and/or the heat transfer media         may comprise a liquid phase material, or a liquid-liquid phase         transition material, or a gas-liquid phase transition material,         or a solid-liquid phase transition material, or a solid-liquid         slurry, or a combination thereof.     -   Note: Water may be provided as an example liquid. For example,         water may be provided as an example higher density liquid. Other         higher density liquid may be employed instead of or in addition         to water.     -   Note: When no more power needs to be stored, a low density         liquid pump may stop pumping. To prevent low density liquid from         unintentionally flowing back into a low density liquid pump, one         or more valves may be closed. A valve may be near the pump or         near the lower elevation reservoir or both. Alternatively or         additionally, a valve in contact with the high density liquid         may be employed to prevent additional high density liquid from         flowing into the lower elevation reservoir. A valve in contact         with the high density liquid may be located near the lower         elevation reservoir.     -   Note: In some embodiments, the high density liquid may comprise         a solid-liquid slurry, or an emulsion, or a dispersion, or a         pumpable solid, or a combination thereof. For example, the high         density liquid may comprise a dispersion of high density         nanoparticles in a solid. For example, the high density liquid         may comprise a solid-liquid mixture comprising a nanoparticle         comprising a solid suspended in a liquid. For example, the high         density liquid may comprise a ferrofluid. For example, the high         density liquid may comprise a solids coated with surfactants to         inhibit clumping or to enable the formation of a suspension in a         liquid. For example, the high density liquid may comprise a         solids coated with surfactants to inhibit clumping or to enable         the formation of a suspension in a liquid, such as an organic         solvent or water or both. For example, the high density liquid         may comprise a colloidal liquid. For example, the high density         liquid may comprise nanoscale ferromagnetic, or ferrimagnetic,         particles suspended in a carrier fluid, such as an organic         solvent or water. For example, the high density liquid may         comprise nanoscale particles suspended in a carrier fluid, such         as an organic solvent or water. For example, the high density         liquid may comprise solid particles suspended in a liquid by         Brownian motion. In some embodiments, a ferrofluid or a magnetic         fluid may be employed as a high density liquid or as a low         density liquid or both and electricity may be generated by the         ferrofluid or magnetic fluid passing over magnets and/or a         coils. For example, the high density liquid may comprise         nanoscale solid particles suspended in a carrier fluid, such as         an organic solvent or water. For example, the high density         liquid may comprise a slurry of a solid and a liquid. For         example, the high density liquid may comprise a slurry of a         solid and a liquid wherein turbulent flow, or surfactants, or         Brownian motion, or a combination thereof enables the solid to         remain suspended in the liquid.     -   Note: In some embodiments, the low density liquid may comprise a         solid-liquid slurry, or an emulsion, or a dispersion, or a         pumpable solid, or a combination thereof. For example, in some         embodiments, the low density liquid may comprise pumpable ice.         For example, in some embodiments, the low density liquid may         comprise a mixture of low density nanoparticles and a solvent,         such as water or an organic solvent or an inorganic solvent or a         combination thereof.

Notes:

-   -   Some embodiments may be configured with a lower elevation         reservoir located underground         -   No hydrate formation with non-hydrate forming low density             liquids             -   Air, specifically nitrogen in the air, forms solid                 hydrates with water at elevated pressures (pressures                 greater than 30 bar depending on the temperature)             -   Non-hydrate forming low density liquids do not form                 solid hydrates with water regardless of the pressure,                 enabling higher energy density energy storage system     -   In configuration with water and low density liquid in closed         structure, mechanically isolated from ocean. In said         configuration, water or other higher density liquid may be         displaced into a pipe interconnected to a higher elevation         reservoir.     -   Water or higher density liquid may be in direct contact with the         low density liquid. Said direct contact may occur, for example,         at a liquid-liquid interface in the lower elevation reservoir.     -   Said low density liquid may comprise a liquid with a density         less than said high density liquid.     -   Allowing low density liquid to be displaced by higher density         liquid may involve opening one or more valves.     -   A pump may function also as a generator. For example, in some         embodiments, the pump and generate may comprise the same unit.         For example, a pump/generator may comprise a hydraulic power         recovery turbine or HPRT.     -   Cold low density liquid may undergo further cooling before,         during, or after transferring into a refrigerated or cooled         higher elevation low density liquid reservoir.     -   It may be desirable for said water or high density liquid to         possess a similar density to the density of the water or other         liquid medium surrounding the lower elevation tank     -   Said low density liquid may be practically insoluble in water or         the high density liquid or may possess a limited solubility in         water or other high density liquid.     -   Said low density liquid may comprise a liquid and may comprise a         non-hydrate forming low density liquid. Some gases and liquids         form hydrates, some known as clathrates, with water under high         pressures and relatively low temperatures. A non-hydrate forming         low density liquid may comprise a low-density liquid with a         non-hydrate or non-clathrate forming molecular structure or a         molecular weight too large for hydrate formation or a         combination thereof. For example, including, but not limited to,         one or more or a combination of the following:         -   Normal Butane (n-Butane) is a non-hydrate forming molecule.             In calorimetric investigation of hydrates of pure isobutane             and iso- and normal butane mixtures, Buleiko et al states             “the experimental measurements resulting from our work have             shown conclusively that normal butane does not form hydrate             in the area of research and it behaves like a nonhydrate             former.” Buleiko et al evaluated “the possibility of normal             butane hydrate formation . . . within a temperature range             from 78 to 280 K and at pres-sure up to 15 MPa.” 15 MPa is             150 bar pressure.         -   Butane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane, Nonane         -   Hydrocarbons         -   Hydrocarbon mixtures         -   Oils         -   Organic compounds         -   Large molecular weight organic compounds         -   Diesel     -   In some embodiments, the low density liquid may be soluble in         water or may be a hydrate former or a combination thereof         -   Some embodiments employing a low density liquid soluble in             water or a hydrate forming low density liquid or a             combination thereof may employ a barrier between the water             and the water soluble or hydrate forming low density liquid.             Said barrier may comprise, including, but not limited to, a             floating barrier, a bladder, a bladder tank, a mutually             insoluble liquid at the liquid-liquid interface, a piston, a             mechanical exchange, a hydraulic pressure exchange, or a             combination thereof         -   Some embodiments employing a low density liquid soluble in             water or a hydrate forming low density liquid or a             combination thereof may employ a non-water higher density             liquid.         -   Some embodiments employing a low density liquid soluble in             water or a hydrate forming low density liquid or a             combination thereof may employ water with hydrate formation             inhibitors. Hydrate formation inhibitors are known in the             art in the oil & gas industry. Hydrate formation inhibitors             may include, but are not limited to, propylene glycol,             methanol, ethylene glycol, alcohols, salts or a combination             thereof.         -   Some embodiments employing a low density liquid soluble in             water or other high density liquid may operate with a high             density liquid containing saturated concentrations of             dissolved liquid. Employing a high density liquid saturated             with low density liquid may only be possible in embodiments             employing low density liquids with limited solubility or             partial miscibility in a high density liquid.         -   Some embodiments employing a low density liquid soluble in             water or other high density liquid may employ solubility             inhibitors, which may reduce or inhibit to the solubility of             low density liquid in high density liquid compared to the             solubility of low density liquid in high density liquid             without the presence of said solubility inhibitors.             Solubility inhibitors may be dissolved in the low density             liquid, the high density liquid, or both.         -   Some embodiments employing a hydrate former low density             liquid may employ hydrate formation inhihibitors. Hydrate             formation inhibitors may be dissolved in the low density             liquid, the high density liquid, or both.         -   Some embodiments employing a low density liquid soluble in             water or other high density liquid may employ a barrier             between the low density liquid and high density liquid, in,             for example, a lower elevation reservoir. For example, if             the low density liquid is liquid ammonia, or water soluble             alcohols, or a combination thereof and water is the high             density liquid, a barrier between the low density liquid and             high density liquid may be required.     -   Water or higher density liquid may comprise additives to provide         certain advantageous properties. Additives with advantageous         properties may include, but are not limited to, one or more or a         combination of the following:         -   Anti-foulants         -   Anti-scalants         -   Corrosion inhibitors         -   Freezing point depressants         -   Density adjusters         -   Degradation inhibitors         -   Hydrate formation inhibitors         -   Viscosity reducers         -   Oxygen scavengers         -   Tracer or tracer chemicals, which may include, but are not             limited to, chemicals which facilitate the ability to trace             leaks (if a leak were to arise)     -   Low density liquid may comprise additives to provide certain         advantageous properties. Additives with advantageous properties         may include, but are not limited to, one or more or a         combination of the following:         -   Anti-foulants         -   Anti-scalants         -   Corrosion inhibitors         -   Freezing point depressants         -   Density adjusters         -   Degradation inhibitors         -   Hydrate formation inhibitors         -   Viscosity reducers         -   Oxygen scavengers         -   Tracer or tracer chemicals, which may include, but are not             limited to, chemicals which enable the ability to trace             leaks or identify leaks if a leak were to arise     -   Propane is a liquid at −44° F. at atmospheric pressure     -   Butane is a liquid at 30.2° F. or −1° C. at atmospheric pressure     -   Heat exchanging with the low density liquid may occur after the         pump or before the generator     -   Heat exchanging with the low density liquid may occur before the         pump or after the generator     -   In some embodiments, the low density liquid may possess a low         boiling point. A low boiling point may comprise a boiling within         10° K of a temperature feasibly achieved under ambient outdoor         temperature conditions or temperatures potentially reached on a         surface exposed to the sun. For example, a boiling point less         than or equal to, 30° C., or 35° C., or 40° C., or 45° C., or         50° C., or 55° C., or 60° C. or a combination thereof at         atmospheric pressure may comprise a low boiling point.     -   Embodiments employing low boiling point low density liquids may         employ one or more or a combination of systems and methods to         ensure safe liquid handling and storage.         -   For example, in embodiments where a higher elevation             reservoir is located underwater, it may be desirable to             place said higher elevation reservoir at a water depth where             the hydrostatic pressure surrounding or adjacent to said             higher elevation reservoir is equal to or greater than the             vapor pressure of the low density liquid.         -   For example, in embodiments where the pressure of air or             water surrounding or adjacent to a higher elevation             reservoir is at a pressure less than the vapor pressure of             the low density liquid under ambient outdoor temperature             conditions, it may be desirable to employ a pressure             resistant tank or pressurized tank or ASME pressurized tank             or a combination thereof.         -   For example, in embodiments where the pressure of air or             water surrounding or adjacent to a higher elevation             reservoir is at a pressure less than the vapor pressure of             the low density liquid under ambient outdoor temperature             conditions, it may be desirable to cool the low density             liquid to reduce the vapor pressure of the low density             liquid.             -   For example, the low density liquid may be cooled to a                 temperature at or below the boiling point of low density                 liquid at atmospheric pressure.             -   For example, the low density liquid may be cooled to a                 temperature at or below the boiling point of low density                 liquid at a desired pressure             -   For example, the low density liquid may be cooled to a                 temperature such that the vapor pressure of the low                 density liquid is suitable for storage in a desired                 tank.             -   For example, the temperature of the low density liquid                 within, for example, an insulated tank or a refrigerated                 tank or temperature controlled tank or a tank or a                 combination thereof may be maintained at a desired                 temperature range.     -   A refrigerated, or temperature controlled, or cooled tank may         employ one or more or a combination of methods for thermal         management. For example, said thermal management methods may         include, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of         the following:         -   Refrigeration         -   Chiller         -   Vapor compression refrigeration cycle         -   Absorption based refrigeration cycle         -   Evaporative cooling         -   Water-based evaporative cooling         -   Cooling due to the boiling of low density liquid. The             resulting vapors may be referred to as off-gases.             -   It may be desirable to compress, liquid, or otherwise                 reuse or recirculate said off-gases.             -   It may be desirable to use said off-gases for fuel or                 other use         -   Cooling         -   Thermal storage         -   OTEC         -   Cool ocean water         -   Cooling from LNG gasification, which may comprise use the             endotherm of gasifying liquid natural gas to cool         -   Liquid-Liquid Phase Refrigeration Cycle         -   Gas-Gas Phase Refrigeration Cycle         -   Solid-Solid Phase Refrigeration Cycle         -   Solid-Gas Phase Refrigeration Cycle     -   Butane or n-butane or normal butane may be provided as an         example high vapor pressure low density liquid. Other liquids         may be employed instead of or in addition to butane. Butane may         also refer to solutions containing or comprising butane.     -   Water may be provided as an example high density liquid or low         density liquid or both. Other liquids may be employed instead of         or in addition to water. Water may also refer to solutions         containing or comprising water.     -   Thermal storage media or medium may comprise a liquid or solid         or a gas or a supercritical fluid or a combination thereof which         may be employed to store heat or ‘cool’, or transfer heat or         ‘cool’, or a combination thereof. Thermal storage media may         comprise a phase change material, which may include, but is not         limited to, a solid-liquid phase transition, a liquid-liquid         phase transition, a liquid-gas phase transition, a liquid-solid         phase transition, a solid-solid phase transition, a gas-gas         phase transition, a chemical reaction, a reversible chemical         reaction, or a combination thereof.     -   Thermal storage liquid may comprise water, or an aqueous         solution comprising water and a freezing point depressant, or a         non-aqueous liquid, or a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid,         or a combination thereof.     -   Thermal storage liquid may comprise water, or an aqueous         solution comprising water and a freezing point depressant. For         example, thermal storage liquid may comprise a solution of water         and, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination         of the following:         -   Water soluble organic, which may include, but is not limited             to, one or more or a combination of the following: propylene             glycol, ethylene glycol, methanol, ethanol, propanol,             isopropanol, acetone, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, glycols,             glycol polymers, polymers, sugars, sugar alcohols, sugar             substitutes, molasses         -   Water soluble nitrogen compound, which may include, but is             not limited to, one or more or a combination of the             following: ammonia, nitric acid, urea, or derivatives             thereof         -   Ionic compound, which may include, but is not limited to,             one or more or a combination of the following: sodium             chloride, calcium chloride, ammonium salts, sodium salt,             calcium salt, magnesium salt, potassium salt, sea salt,             alkali metal salt, alkaline earth metal salt, transition             metal salt, chloride salt, sulfate salt, sulfite salt,             carbonate salt, bicarbonate salt, surfactant         -   Ionic-liquid+water solutions         -   Acids         -   Bases         -   Water soluble gas         -   Water soluble sulfur compound, which may include, but is not             limited to, organosulfur compounds     -   Thermal storage heat exchange may be employed to reduce cooling         energy requirements.     -   Thermal storage heat exchange may be employed to recover ‘cold’         stored in the specific heat capacity of liquid butane.     -   Thermal storage medium may be stored in a one or more tanks.     -   Thermal storage medium may be stored in a tank with a         temperature gradient. For example, colder thermal storage liquid         forms a temperature layer and warmer thermal storage liquid         forms another temperature layer.     -   Thermal storage medium may be stored in two or more tanks, with         at least one tank for ‘warm’ liquid and at least one tank for         ‘cold’ liquid.     -   Before or during charging, liquid butane may be heat exchanged         with ‘warm’ thermal storage medium, forming ‘cold’ thermal         storage medium and forming ‘warm’ butane. Said heat exchange may         be conducted when the butane is at a pressure greater than or         equal to the vapor pressure of the butane. For example, said         heat exchange may be conducted after or during a liquid butane         pumping stage or pressurization stage. For example, the         presently described step may be conducted before or while butane         is transferred from a higher elevation reservoir to a lower         elevation reservoir, which may be required when the present         energy storage device is storing electricity or undergoing         ‘charging’.     -   Before or during discharging, liquid butane may be heat         exchanged with ‘cold’ thermal storage medium, cooling the liquid         butane to near at or below the boiling point of butane at         atmospheric pressure (or other desired pressure) and forming         ‘warm’ thermal storage liquid. For example, said heat exchange         may be conducted before or during a liquid butane hydraulic         power generating stage or depressurization stage. For example,         the presently described step may be conducted before or while or         after butane is transferred from a lower elevation reservoir to         a higher elevation reservoir, which may be required when the         present energy storage device is generating electricity or         undergoing ‘discharging’.     -   During installation and/or project setup, low density liquid may         be added to a system using one or more or a combination of         processes.         -   For example, low density liquid may be added or removed by             connecting a flowline from an LPG or other hydrocarbon or             low density liquid transport vessel to an interconnection             point on a low density liquid subsea pipeline in the energy             storage system.         -   For example, low density liquid may be added or removed by             connecting an LPG or other hydrocarbon or low density liquid             transport vessel to a disconnectable buoy. Said             disconnectable buoy may be connected to one or more points             of a a low density liquid tank or subsea pipeline or a             combination thereof         -   For example, low density liquid may be added or removed by             means of low density liquid transferred from a pipeline         -   For example, low density liquid may be added or removed by             means of low density liquid transferred from rail cars         -   For example, low density liquid may be added or removed by             means of low density liquid transferred from tanker trucks,             or bullet tanks, or a combination thereof         -   If a low density liquid reservoir is refrigerated or cooled,             low density liquid added may be cooled or refrigerated             before, during, or after the addition of low density liquid             to a refrigerated or cooled low density liquid reservoir.     -   Liquid n-Butane specific heat capacity: 2.275 J/g° C.     -   ‘Cold’ thermal storage medium may comprise thermal storage         medium at or below the boiling point temperature of the low         density liquid at 1 bar pressure (or another desired pressure         range)     -   ‘Cold’ thermal storage medium may be stored in insulated tanks     -   ‘Cold’ thermal storage medium may be maintained at a         sufficiently cold temperature with thermal management. Said         thermal management may comprise refrigeration or other cooling         method when the temperature of the thermal storage medium         exceeds a certain temperature or temperature range or when         desired. Sufficiently cold temperature thermal storage medium         may comprise at temperature, which when heat exchanged with         ‘warm’ low density liquid, the resulting ‘cooled’ low density         liquid possesses a vapor pressure less than or equal to the         design pressure rating of a higher elevation tank. In some         embodiments, sufficiently cold temperature thermal storage         medium may comprise at temperature, which when heat exchanged         with ‘warm’ low density liquid, the resulting ‘cooled’ low         density liquid is at a temperature less than the temperature of         ‘warm’ low density liquid. In some embodiments, said ‘cooled’         low density liquid may possess a vapor pressure less than or         equal to the pressure rating of a higher elevation storage         reservoir and may be transferred into said higher elevation         storage reservoir. In some embodiments, said ‘cooled’ low         density liquid may possess a vapor pressure greater than or         equal to the pressure rating of a higher elevation storage         reservoir and may undergo further cooling before being         transferred into said higher elevation storage reservoir. In         some embodiments, said ‘cooled’ low density liquid may possess a         vapor pressure less than or equal to the pressure rating of a         higher elevation storage reservoir and may undergo further         cooling before being transferred into said higher elevation         storage reservoir.     -   Thermal storage medium heat exchange with low density liquid may         occur before or after or both a pump and/or generator step.     -   A refrigerated or cooled higher elevation reservoir may require         more parasitic cooling energy consumption when the present         energy storage system is partially or fully discharged. A         partially or fully discharged state may involve when the higher         elevation or on land or above water storage reservoir is         partially or completely full of low density liquid.     -   Some embodiments may involve a closed system where displaced         higher density liquid is transferred from a lower reservoir to a         higher elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, a pipe which         transfers higher density liquid between a lower and higher         elevation reservoir may be surrounded by or immersed in liquid         with similar or equal density. If, for example, or said pipe         immersed in or surrounded by or adjacent to liquid with similar         or equal density, said higher density liquid pipe may possess a         pressure inside the pipe which is near or equal to the         hydrostatic pressure outside the pipe. If, for example, said         pipe is immersed in or surrounded by or adjacent to liquid with         similar or equal density, said higher density liquid pipe may be         constructed using pipe requiring less pressure resistance than         the low density liquid pipe. Said pipe requiring less pressure         resistance may be lower cost or larger diameter or both compared         to the pipe or pipes employed for low density liquid.     -   A refrigeration system for cooling a low density liquid storage         reservoir employ backup generators. Said backup generators may         be utilized to power cooling or refrigeration equipment in the         event of an emergency. Said backup generators, for example, may         be used when the energy storage system is fully discharged and         there no other sources of electricity. Said backup generators         may, for example, be powered by low density liquid, such as,         including, but not limited to, butane or other low density         liquid or gas-liquid fuel. Said backup generators may be powered         by other fuel sources if desired.     -   Power smoothing or immediate response may employ lithium ion         batteries, batteries, flywheels, capacitors, supercapacitors, or         other energy storage systems if desired.     -   Systems, or methods, or controls may be employed to minimize or         mitigate the potential strength of hydraulic pressure waves or         ‘hydraulic hammer’, which may have potential to occur during         changes in liquid flow rate or liquid pressure or a combination         thereof. Hydraulic hammer or hydraulic pressure wave mitigation         measures may be known in the art, and may include, but are not         limited to, gradual flow rate adjustment, startup procedures,         shutdown procedures, water towers, surge tanks, hydropneumatics         shock absorbers, hydraulic shock absorbers, expansion tanks,         pumping bypass, pumping flywheel, or a combination thereof.     -   Refrigerated or cooled tank for storing low boiling point low         density liquid may be similar or the same as refrigerated tanks         employed in the art for, for example, including, but not limited         to, one or more or a combination of the following: LPG         terminals, propane storage, butane storage, ammonia storage, NGL         storage, LNG storage, or a combination thereof.     -   Subsea tank construction material may comprise including, but         not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following:         Metal, Steel, Aluminum, Concrete, Pre-cast concrete, Plastic,         Coated polyethylene, Polypropylene, Composite, Fiberglass,         rubber, fabric, aggregate.     -   Low density liquid may experience changes in density with         temperature and pressure     -   Due to the relatively low temperature of deep sea ocean water         (generally about 0-3° C.), during discharging, the low density         liquid may return to the higher elevation reservoir at a         temperature less than the surrounding ambient temperature. If         the low density liquid may return to the higher elevation         reservoir at a temperature less than the surrounding ambient         temperature due to cooling occurring in the deep ocean, the low         density liquid may require less cooling or heat removal than is         available in the thermal storage, which may further reduce         potential parasitic energy demand associated with refrigerated         or cooled low density liquid storage.     -   Seawater may be employed as a thermal storage liquid. Seawater         may possess a freezing point of about −2 degrees Celsius.     -   Desalination brine or reverse osmosis brine may be employed as a         thermal storage liquid.     -   Additives may be added to the thermal storage liquid. Additives         may include, but are not limited to, one or more or a         combination of the following: inhibitors, oxygen scavengers,         freezing point depressants, other additives described herein,         other additives in the art.     -   The present invention may contain pumps, sensors, controls,         pipes, valves, and/or other equipment or materials which may not         be shown in figures or described herein.     -   Thermal storage reservoirs may comprise rigid tanks, or bladder         tanks, or a combination thereof.     -   Higher elevation reservoirs and/or lower elevation reservoirs         may comprise rigid tanks, or bladder tanks, or a combination         thereof     -   Thermal storage reservoirs may contain a floating or         solid-material or liquid material or a combination thereof         barrier to separate or minimize mixing of ‘warm’ and ‘cold’         thermal storage liquid or thermal storage medium.     -   Tanks and reservoirs may comprise tanks and reservoirs known in         the art for storing liquid, solids, gases, gas-liquid, or a         combination thereof. For example, tanks and reservoirs my         comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or a         combination of the following: ASME pressurized tank,         semi-pressurized tank, atmospheric pressure tank, equilibrium         pressure tank, floating roof tank, Horton sphere, bullet tank,         steel tank, cement tank, fiberglass tank, composite tank,         plastic tank, aluminum tank, stainless steel tank, titanium         tank, metal tank, glass tank, ceramic tank, wood tank, bladder         tank, rigid tank, piston tank, refrigerated tank, cooled tank,         open air tank, open air pit, open air pond, liner pond, flexible         tank, modular tank, subsea tank, pressure equilibrium tank,         hybrid tank, anchored tank, density neutral tank, tank with         ballast, tank with support structure, seafloor tank, underground         tank, insulated tank, mobile tank, non-mobile tank, cylinder         tank, open bottom tank, open port tank, tank with port and         valve, close system tank, open system tank.

EXAMPLE FIGURE DESCRIPTIONS

FIG. 120: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a high density liquid with a low density liquid. Energy may be stored in the gravitational potential energy difference between a high density liquid and a low density liquid between two different elevations. The embodiment shown in the present figure may employ a higher elevation reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir, each which may be designed to store both high density liquid and low density liquid. Under conditions where the system stores no gravitational potential energy, the higher elevation reservoir may store low density liquid and the lower elevation reservoir may store high density liquid. Energy may be stored when at least a portion of low density liquid has displaced at least a portion of high density liquid in a lower elevation reservoir. In the embodiment shown in the present figure, the volume of liquid in both the higher elevation reservoir and the lower elevation reservoir may, if desired, remain relatively constant because the volume of liquid entering a reservoir may be equal to the volume of liquid exiting said reservoir. For example, generally if a volume of low density liquid is pumped from a higher elevation reservoir into a lower elevation reservoir, about an equal volume of high density liquid may be displaced from the lower elevation reservoir and transferred into the higher elevation reservoir. The present figure shows a higher elevation reservoir on land and a lower elevation reservoir under water. The present figure shows an energy storage system at a steady nearly fully ‘discharged’ state.

FIG. 121: Similar to FIG. 120, except the present figure shows an energy storage system storing energy or electricity or ‘charging’.

FIG. 122: Similar to FIG. 120, except the present figure shows an energy storage system at a steady nearly full ‘charged’ state.

FIG. 123: Similar to FIG. 120, except the present figure shows an energy storage system at generating energy or generating electricity, or ‘discharging.’

FIG. 124: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a high density liquid with a low density liquid. Energy may be stored in the gravitational potential energy difference between a high density liquid and a low density liquid between two different elevations. The embodiment shown in the present figure may employ a higher elevation reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir, each which may be designed to store both high density liquid and low density liquid. Under conditions where the system stores no gravitational potential energy, the higher elevation reservoir may comprise low density liquid and the lower elevation reservoir may comprise high density liquid. Energy may be stored when at least a portion of low density liquid has displaced at least a portion of high density liquid in a lower elevation reservoir. In the embodiment shown in the present figure, the volume of liquid in both the higher elevation reservoir and the lower elevation reservoir may, if desired, remain relatively constant because the volume of liquid entering a reservoir may be equal to the volume of liquid exiting said reservoir. For example, if a volume of low density liquid is pumped from a higher elevation reservoir into a lower elevation reservoir, an equal volume of high density liquid may be displaced from the lower elevation reservoir and transferred into the higher elevation reservoir. The present figure shows a higher elevation reservoir on a floating structure and a lower elevation reservoir underwater. The present figure shows an energy storage system at a steady nearly fully ‘discharged’ state.

FIG. 125: Similar to FIG. 124, except the present figure shows an energy storage system storing energy or electricity or ‘charging’.

FIG. 126: Similar to FIG. 124, except the present figure shows an energy storage system at a steady nearly full ‘charged’ state.

FIG. 127: Similar to FIG. 124, except the present figure shows an energy storage system generating energy or generating electricity, or ‘discharging.’

FIG. 128: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. Energy may be stored in the gravitational potential energy difference between a high density liquid and a low density liquid between two different elevations. The embodiment shown in the present figure may employ a higher elevation reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir, each which may be designed to store both high density liquid and low density liquid. The embodiment shown in the present figure may operate with a different temperature in the higher elevation reservoir than the lower elevation reservoir. For example, the higher elevation reservoir may be at a lower temperature than the lower elevation reservoir. The embodiment shown in the present figure may efficiently enable the higher elevation reservoir to store liquid at a different temperature than the lower elevation reservoir by employing, for example, low density liquid and high density liquid heat exchange and/or heat exchange with supplemental thermal storage. Due to, for example, the difference in heat capacity between low density liquid and high density liquid, a portion of the high density liquid may be heat exchanged with low density liquid and another portion of the high density liquid may be heat exchanged with supplemental thermal storage. The present figure shows the present embodiment with a thermal storage system comprising a ‘cold’ thermal storage reservoir and a ‘warm’ thermal storage reservoir. The present figure shows an energy storage system storing energy or electricity or ‘charging’.

FIG. 129: Similar to FIG. 128, except the present figure shows an energy storage system generating energy or generating electricity, or ‘discharging.’

FIG. 130: Similar to FIG. 128, except the present figure shows the present embodiment with a thermal storage system comprising a reservoir comprising both ‘warm’ and ‘cold’ thermal storage, which may be separate within the tank due to, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: a temperature gradient, or bladder, or barrier, or other separator.

FIG. 131: Similar to FIG. 128, except the present figure shows the present embodiment with a thermal storage system comprising a reservoir comprising both ‘warm’ and ‘cold’ thermal storage, which may be separate within the tank due to, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: a temperature gradient, or bladder, or barrier, or other separator.

FIG. 132: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. Energy may be stored in the gravitational potential energy difference between a high density liquid and a low density liquid between two different elevations. The embodiment shown in the present figure may employ a higher elevation reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir, each which may be designed to store both high density liquid and low density liquid. The embodiment shown in the present figure may operate with a different temperature in the higher elevation reservoir than the lower elevation reservoir. For example, the higher elevation reservoir may be at a lower temperature than the lower elevation reservoir. The embodiment shown in the present figure may efficiently enable the higher elevation reservoir to store liquid at a different temperature than the lower elevation reservoir by employing a ‘warm’ high density liquid storage reservoir, a low density liquid—high density liquid heat exchange, and a ‘cold’ high density liquid storage reservoir. Due to, for example, the difference in heat capacity between low density liquid and high density liquid, a portion of the high density liquid may be heat exchanged with low density liquid and another portion of the high density liquid may be stored in a ‘warm’ high density liquid storage reservoir. The embodiment shown in the present figure may employ a ‘cold’ high density liquid storage reservoir. ‘Cold’ high density liquid transferred to and from a higher elevation reservoir designed to store both high density liquid and low density liquid may be transferred to and from said ‘cold’ high density liquid storage reservoir. The present figure shows an energy storage system storing energy or electricity or ‘charging’.

FIG. 133: Similar to FIG. 132, except the present figure shows an energy storage system generating energy or generating electricity, or ‘discharging.’

FIG. 134: Similar to FIG. 132, except the present figure shows an energy storage system with a cooling system or thermal management system applying cooling or other thermal management to both a ‘cold’ high density liquid storage reservoir and a reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid.

FIG. 135: Similar to FIG. 134, except the present figure shows an energy storage system generating energy or generating electricity, or ‘discharging.’

FIG. 136: Similar to FIG. 134, except showing example calculations for flow rate.

FIG. 137: Similar to FIG. 135, except showing example calculations for flow rate.

FIG. 138: A process for energy storage which stores electricity by displacing a higher density liquid with a lower density liquid. Energy may be stored in the gravitational potential energy difference between a high density liquid and a low density liquid between two or more reservoirs at least two or more different elevations. The embodiment shown in the present figure may employ a higher elevation reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir, each which may be designed to store both high density liquid and low density liquid. The embodiment shown in the present figure may operate with a similar temperature in the higher elevation reservoir as the temperature in the lower elevation reservoir. The embodiment shown in the present figure may operate with a higher elevation reservoir with a different temperature than the ambient temperature adjacent to or surrounding said higher elevation reservoir, or a relatively stable temperature, or a combination thereof. The embodiment shown in the present figure may efficiently enable the higher elevation reservoir to store liquid at a different temperature than the ambient temperature adjacent to or surrounding said higher elevation reservoir by employing low density liquid—high density liquid heat exchange and by employing heat exchange and/or cooling with ‘cold’ ocean water from the deep ocean (‘cold deep ocean water’, which may be represented by ‘CW’ in FIG. 138). The present figure shows an energy storage system storing energy or electricity or ‘charging’.

FIG. 139: Similar to FIG. 138, except shows an energy storage system generating energy or generating electricity, or ‘discharging.’

EXAMPLE FIGURE KEYS

FIGS. 120-123:

Label Description 1 Higher elevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. May comprise one or more storage tanks. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof May be semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non-refrigerated, or a combination thereof. 2 A lower elevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. 3 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a pump/generator and a lower elevation reservoir. 4 A pump and/or generator. 5 A valve. 6 Pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and a higher elevation reservoir. Ocean May comprise a water body, such as an ocean or lake. May represent a body of liquid. May represent a body of solid. May represent a combination thereof Land May comprise land or solid surface or a combination thereof.

FIGS. 124-127:

Label Description 1 Higher elevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. May comprise one or more storage tanks. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof May be semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non-refrigerated, or a combination thereof. 2 A lower elevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. 3 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a pump/generator and a lower elevation reservoir. 4 A pump and/or generator. 5 Pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and a higher elevation reservoir. 6 A floating structure which may be employed to contain at least a portion of higher elevation parts or higher elevation region. May comprise an FSO, or FSU, or platform, or ship, or converted structure, or a custom structure, a moored structure, or a stable structure, or a buoyant structure, or a combination thereof Ocean May comprise a water body, such as an ocean or lake. May represent a body of liquid. May represent a body of solid. May represent a combination thereof Land May comprise land or solid surface or a combination thereof.

FIG. 128 and FIG. 129:

Label Description 1 Higher elevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. May comprise one or more storage tanks. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof. May be semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non-refrigerated, or a combination thereof. 2 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a low density liquid-high density liquid heat exchanger and a higher elevation reservoir. 3 Alow density liquid-high density liquid heat exchanger. May represent a countercurrent heat exchanger. 4 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a low density liquid-high density liquid heat exchanger and a pump/generator. 5 A pump and/or generator. 6 Pipe transferring low density liquid between higher elevation region and lower elevation region. 7 Lowerelevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. 8 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and higher elevation reservoir. 9 A high density liquid flow slitter during storing energy or ‘charging’ (flow merger during generating electricity or ‘discharging’). 10 A liquid stream of high density liquid with a total heat capacity about the same as the heat capacity of low density liquid and may represent high density liquid transferred between a flow splitter and a low density liquid-high density liquid heat exchanger 11 Ahigh density liquid stream after heat exchange with low density liquid and may represent high density liquid transferred between low density liquid-high density liquid heat exchanger and flow merger. 12 A liquid stream of high density liquid transferred between a flow splitter and a high density liquid supplemental thermal storage heat exchanger. 13 A high density liquid supplemental thermal storage heat exchanger. 14 A high density liquid stream after heat exchange with supplemental thermal storage and may represent high density liquid transferred between a high density liquid supplemental thermal storage heat exchanger and a flow merger. 15 ‘15’ may represent a stream merger or flow merger (although may represent a flow splitter during generating electricity or ‘discharging’). 16 ‘16’ may represent high density liquid transferred between a flow merger and a higher elevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. 17 ‘17’ may represent a ‘warm’ supplemental thermalstoragereservoir. 18 ‘18’ may represent thermal storage medium or heat transfer medium transferred between a high density liquid-supplemental thermal storageheat exchanger and a ‘warm’ supplemental thermal storage reservoir and may represent ‘warm’ thermal storage medium or heat transfer medium. 19 ‘19’ may represent thermal storage medium or heat transfer medium transferred between a high density liquid-supplemental thermal storage heat exchanger and a ‘cold’ supplemental thermal storage reservoir and may represent ‘cold’ thermal storage medium or heat transfer medium. 20 ‘20’ may represent a 'cold' supplemental thermal storage reservoir. 21 A thermal management process or cooling source or a heat sink or a chiller or a refrigeration process or a compressor or a liquefaction process or cooling process or a combination thereof. May represent a cooling source or thermal management system or a combination thereof to provide cooling or thermal management to the higher elevation reservoir, or low density liquid, or high density liquid, or a combination thereof as needed. 22 May represent any heat transfer between a cooling source or thermal management system or a combination thereof and a higher elevation reservoir or low density liquid, or high density liquid, or a combination thereof. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent Elevation dashed box may contain high elevation parts or high erelevation region. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed box may contain lower Elevation elevation parts or lower elevation region.

Please note: The above figure key may define certain components in the context of a system undergoing storing power or ‘charging’. Some terms, such as ‘flow merger’, may comprise a different term or reverse application, such as ‘flow splitter’, when the system is undergoing generating power or generating electricity or ‘discharging’.

FIGS. 132-137:

Label Description 1 Higher elevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. May comprise one or more storage tanks. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof May be semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non-refrigerated, or a combination thereof. 2 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a low density liquid-high density liquid heat exchanger and a higher elevation reservoir. 3 A low density liquid-high density liquid heat exchanger. May represent a countercurrent heat exchanger. Pipe 4 transferring low density liquid between a low density liquid-high density liquid heat exchanger and a pump/generator. 5 A pump and/or generator. 6 Pipe transferring low density liquid between higher elevation region and lower elevation region. 7 Lower elevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. 8 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and higher elevation reservoir. 9 A high density liquid flow slitter during storing energy or ‘charging’ (flow merger during generating electricity or ‘discharging’). 10 A liquid stream of high density liquid transferred between a flow splitter and a ‘warm’ high density liquid storage reservoir. 11 A ‘warm’ high density liquid storage reservoir. 12 A liquid stream of high density liquid with a total heat capacity about the same as the heat capacity of low density liquid and may represent high density liquid transferred between a flow splitter and a low density liquid-high density liquid heat exchanger. 13 A high density liquid stream after heat exchange with low density liquid and may represent high density liquid transferred between low density liquid-high density liquid heat exchanger and a 'cold' high density liquid thermal storage reservoir. 14 A 'cold' high density liquid thermal storage reservoir. 15 High density liquid transferred between a ‘cold’ high density liquid thermal storage reservoir and a higher elevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid 21 A thermal management process or cooling source or a heat sink or a chiller or a refrigeration process or a compressor or a liquefaction process or cooling process or a combination thereof May represent a cooling source or thermal management system or a combination thereof to provide cooling or thermal management to the higher elevation reservoir, or low density liquid, or high density liquid, or a combination thereof as needed. 22 May represent any heat transfer between a cooling source or thermal management system or a combination thereof and a higher elevation reservoir or low density liquid, or high density liquid, or a combination thereof. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed box may contain high Elevation elevation parts or higher elevation region. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed box may contain lower Elevation elevation parts or lower elevation region.

Please note: The above figure key may define certain components in the context of a system undergoing storing power or ‘charging’. Some terms, such as ‘flow merger’, may comprise a different term or reverse application, such as ‘flow splitter’, when the system is undergoing generating power or generating electricity or ‘discharging’.

FIG. 138 and FIG. 139:

Label Description 1 Higher elevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. May comprise one or more storage tanks. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof May be semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non-refrigerated, or a combination thereof. 2 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a low density liquid-high density liquid heat exchanger and a higher elevation reservoir. 3 A low density liquid-high density liquid heat exchanger. May represent a countercurrent heat exchanger. 4 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a low density liquid-high density liquid heat exchanger and a pump/generator. 5 A pump and/or generator. 6 Pipe transferring low density liquid between higher elevation region and lower elevation region. 7 Lower elevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. 8 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and higher elevation reservoir. 9 A high density liquid flow splitter during storing energy or ‘charging’ (flow merger during generating electricity or ‘discharging’). 10 A liquid stream of high density liquid with a total heat capacity about the same as the heat capacity of low density liquid and may represent high density liquid transferred between a flow splitter and a low density liquid-high density liquid heat exchanger. 11 A liquid stream of high density liquid with a total heat capacity about the same as the heat capacity of low density liquid and may represent high density liquid transferred between a low density liquid-high density liquid heat exchanger and a flow merger. 12 A liquid stream of high density liquid with a total heat capacity in excess of the total heat capacity of low density liquid. A liquid stream of high density liquid which may be transferred between a flow splitter and a high density liquid-‘cold’ ocean water heat exchanger. 13 A high density liquid-‘cold’ ocean water heat exchanger. 14 A liquid stream of high density liquid with a total heat capacity in excess of the total heat capacity of low density liquid. A liquid stream of high density liquid which may be transferred between a high density liquid-'cold' ocean water heat exchanger and a flow merger. 15 A high density liquid flow merger during storing energy or ‘charging’ (flow splitter during generating electricity or ‘discharging’). 16 High density liquid transferred between a flow merger and a higher elevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. 17 Cold water supply. May comprise ‘cold’ ocean water pumped from deep ocean depths. May comprise ‘cold’ ocean water. May comprise cold water transferred between the ocean and a high density liquid-‘cold’ ocean water heat exchanger. 18 Cold water return. May comprise cold water after providing ‘cooling’ or heat sink and returned to the source, such as ocean or evaporative cooling or a combination thereof. May comprise water transferred between a high density liquid-‘cold’ ocean water heat exchanger and the ocean. 21 A thermal management process or cooling source or a heat sink or a chiller or a refrigeration process or a compressor or a liquefaction process or cooling process or a combination thereof May represent a cooling source or thermal management system or a combination thereof to provide cooling or thermal management to the higher elevation reservoir, or low density liquid, or high density liquid, or a combination thereof as needed. 22 May represent any heat transfer between a cooling source or thermal management system or a combination thereof and a higher elevation reservoir or low density liquid, or high density liquid, or a combination thereof. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed box Elevation may contain high elevation parts or higher elevation region. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed box Elevation may contain lower elevation parts or lower elevation region.

Please note: The above figure key may define certain components in the context of a system undergoing storing power or ‘charging’. Some terms, such as ‘flow merger’, may comprise a different term or reverse application, such as ‘flow splitter’, when the system is undergoing generating power or generating electricity or ‘discharging’.

ADDITIONAL DESCRIPTION

In some embodiments, the higher elevation and/or lower elevation reservoirs may be designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. Some embodiments may involve storing low density liquid and high density liquid in at least a portion of the same tanks or vessels. For example, some embodiments may involve a higher elevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid, where low density liquid and high density liquid may be stored in the same tank or tanks. For example, some embodiments may involve a lower elevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid, where low density liquid and high density liquid may be stored in the same tank or tanks.

In some embodiments, a tank may be designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. In some embodiments, the total volume of liquid stored in said tank may remain constant, while the relative volume of low density liquid and high density liquid may vary depending on the state of charge (percentage of electricity storage capacity) and/or other factors. For example, a higher elevation storage reservoir comprising at least one tank may comprise a tank which is designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. In the present example, if a volume of low density liquid is transferred from said tank, an equal volume of high density liquid may be transferred into said tank. Similarly, in the present example, if a volume of high density liquid is transferred from said tank, an equal volume of low density liquid may be transferred into said tank. For example, a lower elevation storage reservoir comprising at least one tank may comprise a tank which is designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. In the present example, if a volume of low density liquid is transferred from said tank, an equal volume of high density liquid may be transferred into said tank. Similarly, in the present example, if a volume of high density liquid is transferred from said tank, an equal volume of low density liquid may be transferred into said tank. The presently described embodiments may exhibit multiple advantages:

-   -   For example, the presently described embodiments may enable the         use of fewer tanks. A higher elevation region which employs a         tank designed to store both low density liquid and high density         liquid may require one half the storage capacity volume as a         higher elevation region which stores high density liquid and low         density liquid separately.     -   For example, the presently described embodiments may enable the         use of rigid and/or fixed volume structures for storage tanks.         The use of rigid and/or fixed volume structures for storage         tanks may be enabled by the ability of the system to store the         same volume of liquid in the tank regardless of the state of         charge of the energy storage tank. Compared to floating roof         tanks and/or bladder type tanks, rigid or fixed volume tanks may         be longer lasting, or lower cost, or require less maintenance,         or possess fewer points of failure, or a combination thereof.     -   For example, the presently described embodiments may enable the         use of high density liquid and/or low density liquid as a         thermal storage medium, which may increase energy efficiency in         systems which may require a cooled or refrigerated or         temperature controlled low density (and/or high density) liquid.         In some embodiments, heat exchanging entering and exiting low         density liquid and high density liquid may enable heat recovery         and enable significantly lower cooling parasitic load. For         example, in a higher elevation reservoir, during storing         electricity or ‘charging’, low density liquid may exit the         higher elevation reservoir and may be heat exchanged with high         density liquid before or while high density liquid enters the         higher elevation reservoir. For example, in a higher elevation         reservoir, during generating electricity or ‘discharging’, high         density liquid may exit the higher elevation reservoir and may         be heat exchanged with low density liquid before or while low         density liquid enters the higher elevation reservoir.     -   For example, the presently described embodiments may enable         systems with floating higher elevation reservoirs to possess         floating vessels which continuously contain the same volume of         stored liquid, which may enable sufficiently ballasted or more         stable floating higher elevation reservoirs during most or all         states of charge.

In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the low density liquid and high density liquid to be in direct contact at a liquid-liquid interface within a tank. For example, it may be desirable for the low density liquid and high density liquid to be in direct contact at a liquid-liquid interface in embodiments where, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: low density liquid is practically insoluble in high density liquid, or low density liquid is fully saturated in the high density liquid, or high density liquid is fully saturated in the low density liquid.

In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the low density liquid and high density liquid to be separate within a tank. For example, in some embodiments, it may be desirable for the low density liquid and high density liquid to be separated by a floating barrier, or a bladder, or a liner, or a pressure exchanger. For example, in some embodiments, it may be desirable for the low density liquid and high density liquid to be separated by a floating barrier, or a bladder, or a liner, or a pressure exchanger due to, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: low density liquid is soluble in high density liquid, or low density liquid is stored at or near or below the freezing point of high density liquid, or low density liquid can form hydrates with high density liquid, or low density liquid reacts with high density liquid. In some embodiments, said separation within a tank may comprise an insulated barrier, which may enable low density liquid and high density liquid to be stored at different temperatures within the same tank. Although some embodiments involve storing low density liquid and high density liquid at the same or similar temperatures, it may be advantageous in some other embodiments to storage low density liquid and high density liquid at different temperatures. For example, storing low density liquid and high density liquid at different temperatures may be desirable, if, for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: low density liquid is stored at a temperature at or near or below the freezing point of the high density liquid or the high density liquid is stored at or near or above a temperature which may result in too high of a vapor pressure of low density liquid.

In some embodiments, low density liquid and high density liquid may be stored, at least in part, in a higher elevation reservoir and/or lower elevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. In some embodiments, storing electricity or ‘charging’ may involve transferring a low density liquid from a higher elevation reservoir into a lower elevation reservoir, which may involve displacing high density liquid from the lower elevation reservoir into the higher elevation reservoir. Similarly, in some embodiments, generating electricity or ‘discharging’ may involve transferring a high density liquid from a higher elevation reservoir into a lower elevation reservoir, which may involve displacing low density liquid from the lower elevation reservoir into the higher elevation reservoir. During charging, the volume of low density liquid entering a lower elevation reservoir may be equal to the volume of high density liquid exiting a lower elevation reservoir. During charging, the volume of high density liquid entering a higher elevation reservoir may be equal to the volume of low density liquid exiting a higher elevation reservoir. During discharging, the volume of high density liquid entering a lower elevation reservoir may be equal to the volume of low density liquid exiting a lower elevation reservoir. During discharging, the volume of low density liquid entering a higher elevation reservoir may be equal to the volume of high density liquid exiting a higher elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, one or more or a combination of reservoirs may need to be heated or cooled or both.

Heating or cooling or both may involve the low density liquid and/or high density liquid being temperature controlled or ensuring the low density liquid and/or high density liquid are within design temperature ranges within certain sections of the system. For example, in some embodiments, a higher elevation reservoir may be ‘cooled’ to ensure the temperature of low density liquid is at or below a temperature range to ensure the vapor pressure of the low density liquid is less than or equal to the design pressure of a storage tank. For example, in some embodiments, a lower elevation reservoir may be ‘heated’ to ensure the temperature of low density liquid and high density liquid is at or above a temperature range to prevent the formation of solid hydrates. ‘Cooling’ or ‘cooled’ may involve maintaining or storing the low density liquid or high density liquid or both at or below a temperature range. ‘Cooling’ or ‘cooled’ may involve maintaining or storing the low density liquid or high density liquid or both at or below the temperature of the environment outside a reservoir. ‘Heating’ or ‘heated’ may involve maintaining or storing the low density liquid or high density liquid or both at or above a temperature range. ‘Heating’ or ‘heated’ may involve maintaining or storing the low density liquid or high density liquid or both at or above the temperature of the environment outside a reservoir.

In some embodiments, the volume of low density liquid entering or exiting an elevation region may be the about the same as the volume of high density liquid exiting or entering an elevation region. If a higher elevation reservoir operates at a different temperature than a lower elevation reservoir or if the temperature of a liquid substantially changes during transfer or a combination thereof, then ‘heating’ or ‘cooling’ or both may be required to ensure each section of the system operates within design temperature ranges. Heat recovery or thermal storage or a combination thereof may be required to ensure said ‘heating’ or ‘cooling’ or both are conducted efficiently or with minimal parasitic load related to said ‘heating’ or ‘cooling’ or both. In some embodiments, one process for heat recovery may involve heat exchanging low density liquid being transferred to a reservoir with high density liquid being transferred to an opposing reservoir. In some embodiments, during charging or discharging, the volume or volumetric flow rate or both of low density liquid being transferred to a reservoir may be the same as the volume or volumetric flow rate or both of high density liquid being transferred to an opposing reservoir. Although the volumes or volumetric flow rates or both may be the same, the heat capacity of low density liquid and high density liquid may be different. As a result, heat exchanging equal volumes of low density liquid with equal volumes of high density liquid may result in incomplete heat recovery. There are multiple embodiments which may address or benefit from or leverage or a combination thereof a difference in heat capacity between low density liquid and high density liquid. There are multiple embodiments which may enable heat recovery and/or efficient operation of different sections of a system at different temperatures.

For example, some embodiments may involve heat exchanging only a portion of the high density liquid with the low density liquid transferred in to an opposing reservoir. To enable only a portion of the high density liquid to be heat exchanged with low density liquid, high density liquid may be split into two or more streams during, for example, storing electricity or charging. One of the streams may comprise high density liquid at a flow rate such that the total heat capacity of the stream is about the same as the total heat capacity of the low density liquid, which may enable the low density liquid and high density liquid to be heat exchanged with practically full heat recovery. The other high density liquid stream may comprise the portion of high density liquid in excess of the portion with the same total heat capacity as the low density liquid. The other high density liquid stream may be heat exchanged with supplemental thermal storage. After heat exchanging with low density liquid, or supplemental thermal storage, or both, the two high density liquid streams may be merged. If the system is undergoing storing electricity or ‘charging’, the two streams may be transferred into a higher elevation reservoir. If the system is undergoing generating electricity or ‘discharging’, the two streams may be merged into common pipes or pipe and transferred to a lower elevation reservoir. An example of the present embodiment may be shown in FIGS. 128 and 129. An illustrative example of the present embodiment is further described below:

-   -   In the present example, FIG. 128 is employed as a reference. ‘1’         may represent a higher elevation reservoir designed to store         both low density liquid and high density liquid. ‘2’ may         comprise low density liquid transferred between the higher         elevation reservoir and a heat exchanger. ‘3’ may represent a         heat exchanger which facilitates heat transfer between low         density liquid and high density liquid. ‘4’ may represent low         density liquid transferred between a heat exchanger and a         pump/generator or hydraulic recovery turbine (HPRT). ‘5’ may         represent a pump/generator or hydraulic power recovery turbine         (HPRT). ‘6’ may represent low density liquid transferred between         a pump/generator and a lower elevation reservoir. ‘7’ may         represent a lower elevation reservoir designed to store both low         density liquid and high density liquid. ‘8’ may represent high         density liquid transferred between a lower elevation reservoir         and a higher elevation region. ‘9’ may represent a liquid flow         splitter (although may represent a flow merger during         discharging), which splits the flow of high density liquid into         two liquid streams. ‘10’ may represent a liquid stream of high         density liquid with a total heat capacity about the same as the         heat capacity of low density liquid and may represent high         density liquid transferred between a flow splitter and a low         density liquid—high density liquid heat exchanger. ‘11’ may         represent a high density liquid stream after heat exchange with         low density liquid and may represent high density liquid         transferred between low density liquid—high density liquid heat         exchanger and flow merger. ‘12’ may represent a liquid stream of         high density liquid transferred between a flow splitter and a         high density liquid—supplemental thermal storage heat exchanger.         ‘13’ may represent a high density liquid—supplemental thermal         storage heat exchanger. ‘14’ may represent a high density liquid         stream after heat exchange with supplemental thermal storage.         ‘15’ may represent a stream merger or flow merger (although may         represent a flow splitter during discharging). ‘16’ may         represent high density liquid transferred between a flow merger         and a higher elevation reservoir designed to store both low         density liquid and high density liquid. ‘17’ may represent a         ‘warm’ supplemental thermal storage reservoir. ‘18’ may         represent thermal storage medium or heat transfer medium         transferred between a high density liquid—supplemental thermal         storage heat exchanger and a ‘warm’ supplemental thermal storage         reservoir and may represent ‘warm’ thermal storage medium or         heat transfer medium. ‘19’ may represent thermal storage medium         or heat transfer medium transferred between a high density         liquid—supplemental thermal storage heat exchanger and a ‘cold’         supplemental thermal storage reservoir and may represent ‘cold’         thermal storage medium or heat transfer medium. ‘20’ may         represent a ‘cold’ supplemental thermal storage reservoir. ‘21’         may represent a cooling source or thermal management system or a         combination thereof to provide cooling or thermal management to         the higher elevation reservoir, or low density liquid, or high         density liquid, or a combination thereof as needed. ‘22’ may         represent any heat transfer between a cooling source or thermal         management system or a combination thereof and a higher         elevation reservoir or low density liquid, or high density         liquid, or a combination thereof.     -   An example implementation of the present example may be a 50 MW         (max. power), 600 MWh (max. electricity storage capacity) system         with a 3,000 meter water depth lower elevation reservoir and a         floating higher elevation region. The low density liquid may         comprise n-Butane and the high density liquid may comprise         seawater or an aqueous solution with a density about the same as         seawater. Energy density of LDL displacing HDL is about 3.56 kWh         per m³, which may equate to a higher elevation reservoir and a         lower elevation reservoir each with a liquid storage capacity of         about 167,888 m³ for a 600 MWh energy storage system. At full         power capacity of 50 MW, the volumetric flow rate of LDL is         about 14,045 m³/hour and the volumetric flow rate of HDL is         about 14,045 m³/hour. The following are additional example         specifications and calculations:         -   The higher elevation reservoir designed to store both low             density liquid and high density liquid may store low density             liquid and high density liquid at a temperature of −2° C.             −2° C. may be less than the boiling point temperature of             n-Butane LDL at atmospheric pressure and may be greater than             the freezing point of the aqueous solution HDL employed in             this example.         -   The lower elevation reservoir designed to store both low             density liquid and high density liquid is assumed to store             liquid at the same temperature as deep ocean water, or about             2° C. to 4° C.         -   The present example assumes the temperature of low density             liquid and/or high density liquid transferred into the             higher elevation region is at the same temperature as the             surface water temperature, which is a conservative             assumption. The surface water temperature in the present             example is assumed to be 30° C.         -   The specific heat capacity of the high density liquid is 3.9             J/g° C.         -   The specific heat capacity of liquid normal butane is 2.275             J/g° K         -   The density of high density liquid is 1030 kg per cubic             meter         -   The density of low density liquid is 573 kg per cubic meter         -   Total volumetric flow rate of low density liquid at maximum             power capacity is 14,045 m³/hour         -   Total volumetric flow rate of high density liquid at maximum             power capacity is 14,045 m³/hour         -   Total mass flow rate of low density liquid at maximum power             capacity is 8,048 metric tons per hour         -   Total mass flow rate of high density liquid at maximum power             capacity is 14,466 metric tons per hour         -   Total heat capacity of low density liquid at the maximum             power capacity flow rate is 18,309 MJ per ° K per hour         -   Total heat capacity of high density liquid at the maximum             power capacity flow rate is 56,417 MJ per ° K per hour         -   The volumetric flow rate of the portion of high density             liquid with the same total heat capacity as the low density             liquid is 4,558 m³/hour         -   Percentage of total high density liquid flow comprising the             portion of high density liquid with the same total heat             capacity as the low density liquid is 32.45%         -   The volumetric flow rate of the portion of high density             liquid in excess of the portion with the same total heat             capacity as the low density liquid is 9,487 m³/hour         -   Percentage of total high density liquid flow comprising the             portion of high density liquid in excess of the portion with             the same total heat capacity as the low density liquid is             67.55%.

Below is a table with an example simplified stream summary of the present example using FIG. 128 as a reference:

Flow Rate at Temperature Max. Power (degrees Volume Electricity ID Composition (m³/hour) Celsius) (m³) (MW)  1 n-Butane NOT −2° C.   167,888 m³ NOT and / or APPLICABLE APPLICABLE Water Solution  2 n-Butane 14,045 −2° C.   NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE  3 NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE  4 n-Butane 14,045 30° C.  NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE  5 NOT NOT NOT NOT 50 APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE  6 n-Butane 14,045 30° C.  NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE  7 n-Butane NOT 3° C. 167,888 m³ NOT and / or APPLICABLE APPLICABLE Water Solution  8 Water Solution 14,045 30° C.  NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE  9 NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 10 Water Solution  4,558 30° C.  NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 11 Water Solution  4,558 −2° C.   NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 12 Water Solution  9,487 30° C.  NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 13 NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 14 Water Solution  9,487 −2° C.   NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 15 NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 16 Water Solution 14,045 −2° C.   NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 17 Water Solution NOT 30° C.  113,844 m³ NOT APPLICABLE storage capacity APPLICABLE 18 Water Solution  9,487 30° C.  NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 19 Water Solution  9,487 −2° C.   NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 20 Water Solution NOT −2° C.   113,844 m³ NOT APPLICABLE storage capacity APPLICABLE

Please note: Some temperatures shown in the above table may reflect the ambient temperature as a conservative estimate of temperature rather than predicting temperature changes over transfer through a pipe.

Please note: Some of the temperatures shown in the above table may not reflect the required temperature difference for heat transfer in a heat exchanger.

For example, some embodiments may involve heat exchanging only a portion of the high density liquid with the low density liquid transferred in to an opposing reservoir. To enable only a portion of the high density liquid to be heat exchanged with low density liquid, high density liquid may be split into two or more streams during, for example, storing electricity or charging. One of the streams may comprise high density liquid at a flow rate such that the total heat capacity of the stream is about the same as the total heat capacity of the low density liquid, which may enable the low density liquid and high density liquid to be heat exchanged with practically complete heat recovery. After heat exchange with low density liquid, the high density liquid stream may be transferred to a ‘cold’ high density liquid storage reservoir. During, for example, charging, ‘cold’ high density liquid may be transferred from a ‘cold’ high density liquid storage reservoir into a storage reservoir designed to store both high density liquid and low density liquid. The volume of high density liquid transferred into said storage reservoir designed to store both high density liquid and low density liquid may be about the same as the volume of low density liquid transferred out of said storage reservoir designed to store both high density liquid and low density liquid. The volume of high density liquid transferred into said storage reservoir designed to store both high density liquid and low density liquid may be greater than the volume of high density liquid entering the ‘cold’ high density liquid storage reservoir. The other high density liquid stream may comprise the portion of high density liquid in excess of the portion with the same total heat capacity as the low density liquid. The other high density liquid stream may be transferred to a ‘warm’ high density liquid storage reservoir. An example of the present embodiment may be shown in FIGS. 132 and 133. An illustrative example of the present embodiment is further described below:

-   -   In the present example, FIG. 132 is employed as a reference. ‘1’         may represent a higher elevation reservoir designed to store         both low density liquid and high density liquid. ‘2’ may         comprise low density liquid transferred between the higher         elevation reservoir and a heat exchanger. ‘3’ may represent a         heat exchanger which facilitates heat transfer between low         density liquid and high density liquid. ‘4’ may represent low         density liquid transferred between a heat exchanger and a         pump/generator or hydraulic recovery turbine (HPRT). ‘5’ may         represent a pump/generator or hydraulic power recovery turbine         (HPRT). ‘6’ may represent low density liquid transferred between         a pump/generator and a lower elevation reservoir. ‘7’ may         represent a lower elevation reservoir designed to store both low         density liquid and high density liquid. ‘8’ may represent high         density liquid transferred between a lower elevation reservoir         and a higher elevation region. ‘9’ may represent a liquid flow         splitter (although may represent a flow merger during         discharging), which splits the flow of high density liquid into         two liquid streams. ‘10’ may represent may represent a liquid         stream of high density liquid transferred between a flow         splitter and a ‘warm’ high density liquid storage reservoir.         ‘11’ may represent a ‘warm’ high density liquid storage         reservoir. ‘12’ may represent a liquid stream of high density         liquid with a total heat capacity about the same as the heat         capacity of low density liquid and may represent high density         liquid transferred between a flow splitter and a low density         liquid—high density liquid heat exchanger. ‘13’ may represent a         high density liquid stream after heat exchange with low density         liquid and may represent high density liquid transferred between         a low density liquid—high density liquid heat exchanger and a         ‘cold’ high density liquid storage reservoir. ‘14’ may represent         a ‘cold’ high density liquid storage reservoir. ‘15’ may         comprise ‘cold’ high density liquid transferred between a ‘cold’         high density liquid storage reservoir and a higher elevation         reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high         density liquid. ‘21’ may represent a cooling source or thermal         management system or a combination thereof to provide cooling or         thermal management to a higher elevation reservoir, or low         density liquid, or high density liquid, or a combination thereof         as needed. ‘22’ may represent any heat transfer between a         cooling source or thermal management system or a combination         thereof and a higher elevation reservoir or low density liquid,         or high density liquid, or a combination thereof.     -   An example implementation of the present example may be a 50 MW         (max. power), 600 MWh (max. electricity storage capacity) system         with a 3,000 meter water depth lower elevation reservoir and a         floating higher elevation region. The low density liquid may         comprise n-Butane and the high density liquid may comprise         seawater or an aqueous solution with a density about the same as         seawater. Energy density of LDL displacing HDL is about 3.56 kWh         per m³, which may equate to a higher elevation reservoir and a         lower elevation reservoir each with a liquid storage capacity of         about 167,888 m³ for a 600 MWh energy storage system. At full         power capacity of 50 MW, the volumetric flow rate of LDL is         about 14,045 m³/hour and the volumetric flow rate of HDL is         about 14,045 m³/hour. The following are additional example         specifications and calculations:         -   The higher elevation reservoir designed to store both low             density liquid and high density liquid may store low density             liquid and high density liquid at a temperature of −2° C.             −2° C. may be less than the boiling point temperature of             n-Butane LDL at atmospheric pressure and may be greater than             the freezing point of the aqueous solution HDL employed in             this example.         -   The lower elevation reservoir designed to store both low             density liquid and high density liquid is assumed to store             liquid at the same temperature as deep ocean water, or about             2° C. to 4° C.         -   The present example assumes the temperature of low density             liquid and/or high density liquid transferred into the             higher elevation region is at the same temperature as the             surface water temperature, which is a conservative             assumption. The surface water temperature in the present             example is assumed to be 30° C.         -   The specific heat capacity of the high density liquid is 3.9             J/g° C.         -   The specific heat capacity of liquid normal butane is 2.275             J/g° K         -   The density of high density liquid is 1030 kg per cubic             meter         -   The density of low density liquid is 573 kg per cubic meter         -   Total volumetric flow rate of low density liquid at maximum             power capacity is 14,045 m³/hour         -   Total volumetric flow rate of high density liquid at maximum             power capacity is 14,045 m³/hour         -   Total mass flow rate of low density liquid at maximum power             capacity is 8,048 metric tons per hour         -   Total mass flow rate of high density liquid at maximum power             capacity is 14,466 metric tons per hour         -   Total heat capacity of low density liquid at the maximum             power capacity flow rate is 18,309 MJ per ° K per hour         -   Total heat capacity of high density liquid at the maximum             power capacity flow rate is 56,417 MJ per ° K per hour         -   The volumetric flow rate of the portion of high density             liquid with the same total heat capacity as the low density             liquid is 4,558 m³/hour         -   Percentage of total high density liquid flow comprising the             portion of high density liquid with the same total heat             capacity as the low density liquid is 32.45%         -   The volumetric flow rate of the portion of high density             liquid in excess of the portion with the same total heat             capacity as the low density liquid is 9,487 m³/hour         -   Percentage of total high density liquid flow comprising the             portion of high density liquid in excess of the portion with             the same total heat capacity as the low density liquid is             67.55%.     -   Below is a table with an example simplified stream summary of         the present example using FIG. 132 as a reference:

Flow Rate at Temperature Max. Power (degrees Volume Electricity ID Composition (m³/hour) Celsius) (m³) (MW)  1 n-Butane NOT −2° C.   167,888 m³ NOT and / or APPLICABLE APPLICABLE Water Solution  2 n-Butane 14,045 −2° C.   NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE  3 NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE  4 n-Butane 14,045 30° C.  NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE  5 NOT NOT NOT NOT 50 APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE  6 n-Butane 14,045 30° C.  NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE  7 n-Butane NOT 3° C. 167,888 m³ NOT and / or APPLICABLE APPLICABLE Water Solution  8 Water Solution 14,045 30° C.  NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE  9 NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 10 Water Solution  9,487 30° C.  NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 11 Water Solution NOT 30° C.  113,844 m³ NOT APPLICABLE storage capacity APPLICABLE 12 Water Solution  4,558 30° C.  NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 13 Water Solution  4,558 −2° C.   NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 14 Water Solution NOT −2° C.   167,888 m³ NOT APPLICABLE storage capacity APPLICABLE 15 Water Solution 14,045 −2° C.   NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE

Please note: Some temperatures shown in the above table may reflect the ambient temperature as a conservative estimate of temperature rather than predicting temperature changes over transfer through a pipe.

Please note: Some of the temperatures shown in the above table may not reflect the required temperature difference for heat transfer in a heat exchanger.

In some embodiments, cold deep ocean water may be employed to cool low density liquid and/or high density liquid. By employing cold deep ocean water as a cooling source, the presently described embodiments may involve less capital cost or complexity. Cold deep ocean water may be harnessed using, for example, a pipe capable of transferring water between deep ocean and the higher elevation region, a water pump, and a heat exchanger. Cold deep ocean water may be heat exchanged with the portion of high density liquid in excess of the portion with the same total heat capacity as the low density liquid.

For example, some embodiments may involve heat exchanging only a portion of the high density liquid with the low density liquid transferred in to an opposing reservoir. To enable only a portion of the high density liquid to be heat exchanged with low density liquid, high density liquid may be split into two or more streams during, for example, storing electricity or charging. One of the streams may comprise high density liquid at a flow rate such that the total heat capacity of the stream is about the same as the total heat capacity of the low density liquid, which may enable the low density liquid and high density liquid to be heat exchanged with practically complete heat recovery. The other high density liquid stream may comprise the portion of high density liquid in excess of the portion with the same total heat capacity as the low density liquid. The other high density liquid stream may be heat exchanged with ‘cold’ deep ocean water. After heat exchanging with low density liquid, or ‘cold’ deep ocean water, or both, the two high density liquid streams may be merged. If the system is undergoing storing electricity or ‘charging’, the two streams may be transferred into a higher elevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. An example of the present embodiment may be shown in FIGS. 138 and 139. An illustrative example of the present embodiment is further described below:

-   -   In the present example, FIG. 138 is employed as a reference. ‘1’         may represent a higher elevation reservoir designed to store         both low density liquid and high density liquid. ‘2’ may         comprise low density liquid transferred between the higher         elevation reservoir and a heat exchanger. ‘3’ may represent a         heat exchanger which facilitates heat transfer between low         density liquid and high density liquid. ‘4’ may represent low         density liquid transferred between a heat exchanger and a         pump/generator or hydraulic recovery turbine (HPRT). ‘5’ may         represent a pump/generator or hydraulic power recovery turbine         (HPRT). ‘6’ may represent low density liquid transferred between         a pump/generator and a lower elevation reservoir. ‘7’ may         represent a lower elevation reservoir designed to store both low         density liquid and high density liquid. ‘8’ may represent high         density liquid transferred between a lower elevation reservoir         and a higher elevation region. ‘9’ may represent a liquid flow         splitter (although may represent a flow merger during         discharging), which splits the flow of high density liquid into         two liquid streams. ‘10’ may represent a liquid stream of high         density liquid with a total heat capacity about the same as the         heat capacity of low density liquid and may represent high         density liquid transferred between a flow splitter and a low         density liquid—high density liquid heat exchanger. ‘11’ may         represent a high density liquid transferred between a low         density liquid—high density liquid heat exchanger and a flow         merger (although may represent a flow merger during         discharging). ‘12’ may represent a liquid stream of high density         liquid transferred between a flow splitter and a cooling heat         exchanger. ‘13’ may represent a cooling heat exchanger which may         heat exchange cold deep ocean water with the high density         liquid. ‘14’ may represent high density liquid transferred         between a cooling heat exchanger and a flow merger. ‘15’ may         represent a flow merger (although may represent a flow merger         during discharging). ‘16’ may represent ‘cold’ high density         liquid transferred between a flow merger and a higher elevation         reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high         density liquid. ‘17’ may represent ‘warm’ cooling liquid or         ‘warm’ deep ocean water being returned to the ocean after heat         exchanging. ‘18’ may represent ‘cold’ cooling liquid or ‘cold’         deep ocean water being transferred to a heat exchanger as a         cooling medium. ‘21’ may represent a cooling source or thermal         management system or a combination thereof to provide additional         cooling or thermal management to a higher elevation reservoir,         or low density liquid, or high density liquid, or a combination         thereof if needed. ‘22’ may represent heat transfer between a         cooling source or thermal management system or a combination         thereof and a higher elevation reservoir or low density liquid,         or high density liquid, or a combination thereof.     -   An example implementation of the present example may be a 50 MW         (max. power), 600 MWh (max. electricity storage capacity) system         with a 3,000 meter water depth lower elevation reservoir and a         floating higher elevation region. The low density liquid may         comprise n-Butane and the high density liquid may comprise         seawater or an aqueous solution with a density about the same as         seawater. Energy density of LDL displacing HDL is about 3.56 kWh         per m³, which may equate to a higher elevation reservoir and a         lower elevation reservoir each with a liquid storage capacity of         about 167,888 m³ for a 600 MWh energy storage system. At full         power capacity of 50 MW, the volumetric flow rate of LDL is         about 14,045 m³/hour and the volumetric flow rate of HDL is         about 14,045 m³/hour. The following are additional example         specifications and calculations:         -   The higher elevation reservoir designed to store both low             density liquid and high density liquid may store low density             liquid and high density liquid at a temperature of 5° C.         -   The lower elevation reservoir designed to store both low             density liquid and high density liquid is assumed to store             liquid at the same temperature as deep ocean water, or about             2° C. to 4° C.         -   The present example assumes the temperature of low density             liquid and/or high density liquid transferred into the             higher elevation region is at the same temperature as the             surface water temperature, which is a conservative             assumption. The surface water temperature in the present             example is assumed to be 30° C.         -   The specific heat capacity of the high density liquid is 3.9             J/g° C.         -   The specific heat capacity of liquid normal butane is 2.275             J/g° K         -   The specific heat capacity of ocean water is 4 J/g° K         -   The density of high density liquid is 1030 kg per cubic             meter         -   The density of low density liquid is 573 kg per cubic meter         -   The density of ocean water is 1030 kg per cubic meter         -   Total volumetric flow rate of low density liquid at maximum             power capacity is 14,045 m³/hour         -   Total volumetric flow rate of high density liquid at maximum             power capacity is 14,045 m³/hour         -   Total mass flow rate of low density liquid at maximum power             capacity is 8,048 metric tons per hour         -   Total mass flow rate of high density liquid at maximum power             capacity is 14,466 metric tons per hour         -   Total heat capacity of low density liquid at the maximum             power capacity flow rate is 18,309 MJ per ° K per hour         -   Total heat capacity of high density liquid at the maximum             power capacity flow rate is 56,417 MJ per ° K per hour         -   The volumetric flow rate of the portion of high density             liquid with the same total heat capacity as the low density             liquid is 4,558 m³/hour         -   Percentage of total high density liquid flow comprising the             portion of high density liquid with the same total heat             capacity as the low density liquid is 32.45%         -   The volumetric flow rate of the portion of high density             liquid in excess of the portion with the same total heat             capacity as the low density liquid is 9,487 m³/hour         -   Percentage of total high density liquid flow comprising the             portion of high density liquid in excess of the portion with             the same total heat capacity as the low density liquid is             67.55%.         -   Total volumetric flow rate of deep ocean cooling water at             max power capacity during charging is 9,250 m³/hour     -   Below is a table with an example simplified stream summary of         the present example using FIG. 138 as a reference:

Flow Rate at Temperature Max. Power (degrees Volume Electricity ID Composition (m³/hour) Celsius) (m³) (MW)  1 n-Butane NOT 5° C. 167,888 m³ NOT and / or APPLICABLE APPLICABLE Water Solution  2 n-Butane 14,045 5° C. NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE  3 NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE  4 n-Butane 14,045 30° C.  NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE  5 NOT NOT NOT NOT 50 APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE  6 n-Butane 14,045 30° C.  NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE  7 n-Butane NOT 3° C. 167,888 m³ NOT and / or APPLICABLE APPLICABLE Water Solution  8 Water Solution 14,045 30° C.  NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE  9 NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 10 Water Solution  4,558 30° C.  NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 11 Water Solution  4,558 5° C. NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 12 Water Solution  9,487 30° C.  NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 13 NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 14 Water Solution  9,487 5° C. NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 15 NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 16 Water Solution 14,045 5° C. NOT NOT m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE 17 Cold Deep  9,250 5° C. NOT NOT Ocean Water m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE Return 18 Warm Deep  9,250 5° C. NOT NOT Ocean Water m³ / hour APPLICABLE APPLICABLE Return

Please note: Some temperatures shown in the above table may reflect the ambient temperature as a conservative estimate of temperature rather than predicting temperature changes over transfer through a pipe.

Please note: Some of the temperatures shown in the above table may not reflect the required temperature difference for heat transfer in a heat exchanger.

In some embodiments, a semi-pressurized tank may be employed. In some embodiments employing cold deep ocean water for cooling, a semi-pressurized tank may be employed due to the low density liquid possessing an atmospheric pressure boiling point temperature less than the temperature of the cold deep ocean water. For example, n-Butane may have a boiling point between −1° C. and 1° C. at atmospheric pressure and cold deep ocean water may be about 5° C. after transfer to the ocean surface. At 5° C., n-Butane has a vapor pressure of about 1.2 atmospheres of pressure. A semi-pressurized tank may possess a design pressure greater than or equal to 1.2 atmospheres of pressure.

In some embodiments, ‘heated’ or ‘heating’ may involve increasing the temperature of a liquid at one elevation and, once at a desired temperature, transferring said liquid to a different elevation. Similarly, in some embodiments, ‘cooled’ or ‘cooling’ may involve decreasing the temperature of a liquid at one elevation and, once at a desired temperature, transferring said liquid to a different elevation. For example, low density liquid transferred from a higher elevation reservoir to a lower elevation reservoir may be heated in a higher elevation region before or while being transferred to the lower elevation reservoir. For example, high density liquid transferred from a higher elevation reservoir to a lower elevation reservoir may be heated in a higher elevation region before or while being transferred to the lower elevation reservoir. For example, low density liquid transferred from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation reservoir may be cooled in a lower elevation region before or while being transferred to the higher elevation reservoir. For example, high density liquid transferred from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation reservoir may be cooled in a lower elevation region before or while being transferred to the higher elevation reservoir.

In some embodiments, ‘heated’ or ‘heating’ may involve increasing the temperature of a liquid at an elevation and transferring said liquid into a reservoir of similar or the same elevation or in the same elevation region. Similarly, in some embodiments, ‘cooled’ or ‘cooling’ may involve decreasing the temperature of a liquid at an elevation and transferring said liquid into a reservoir of similar or the same elevation or in the same elevation region. In some embodiments, cooling or heating or both may be conducted within a reservoir or may be applied to a reservoir directly.

In some embodiments, heating or cooling or both may be conducted at different elevations, or at about the same elevation, or within or applied directly to a reservoir, or a combination thereof.

The ‘state of charge’ may comprise the amount of energy stored in an energy storage system relative to the total practical or design energy storage capacity of the energy storage system. In some embodiments, the state of charge may be defined by the percentage of low density liquid in the higher elevation reservoir.

Notes

-   -   In some embodiments, the higher density liquid may possess a         freezing point lower than the boiling point of the lower density         liquid at the pressure in a higher elevation reservoir. In some         embodiments, the high density liquid may comprise a liquid with         a similar density or practically the same density as seawater or         ocean water. Seawater or solutions with similar salt         concentration to seawater may possess a sufficiently low         freezing point for some low density liquids, for example,         n-butane possesses a boiling point temperature at atmospheric         pressure greater than the freezing point of seawater. In some         embodiments, the high density liquid may possess a freezing         point lower than the freezing point of seawater. For example, a         lower freezing point than seawater may be achieved by adding         antifreeze additives to water or an aqueous solution to create a         solution with a similar density to seawater and a lower freezing         point than seawater. Antifreeze additives may include, but are         not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following:         water soluble organic compounds, salts, glycols, ethylene         glycol, propylene glycol, methanol, ethanol, glycerol, polyols,         or isopropanol. For example, a lower freezing point than         seawater may be achieved by combining antifreeze additives with         lower and/or higher density than seawater with water to create a         solution with a similar density to seawater and a lower freezing         point than seawater. Antifreeze additives may include, but are         not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following:         water soluble organic compounds, salts, glycols, ethylene         glycol, propylene glycol, methanol, ethanol, glycerol, polyols,         or isopropanol.     -   Systems may be employed to minimize or prevent hydraulic ram,         which can occur in incompressible liquid systems during changes         in liquid flow rate. Systems and methods for compensating for or         minimizing hydraulic ram include, but are not limited to, one or         more or a combination of the following: overpressure tanks, or         over fill tanks, or pressurized gas compensation, or water         towers, or liquid towers, or gravity towers, or expansion tanks,         or systems and methods known in the art.     -   In some embodiments, it may be desirable for high density liquid         to contain additives which reduce the viscosity of the high         density liquid. For example, ethanol, methanol, or propanol may         be added in addition to additives with greater density than         water to create a solution with a lower viscosity than a         solution with only additives with greater density than water, or         a lower viscosity than seawater, or a combination thereof.     -   Some embodiments may employ a subsea pump or subsea generator or         both or a combination thereof. A subsea pump or subsea generator         or both or a combination thereof may be desirable, for example,         in some embodiments employing subsea cables.     -   Some embodiments may employ the high density liquid as a thermal         storage medium.     -   Some embodiments may employ a heat exchanger which directly         contacts high density liquid with low density liquid in a heat         exchange. Directly contacting high density liquid with low         density liquid in a heat exchange may result in, including, but         not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following:         reduce the required heat exchanger temperature difference during         heat exchange, or increase energy efficiency, or reduce the         capital cost of a heat exchanger, or reduce the required size of         a heat exchanger, or reduce the pressure losses, or improve         round trip energy efficiency, or reduce parasitic load.     -   In some embodiments, high density liquid may be in direct         contact with low density liquid at various points in the system.         For example, in some embodiments, high density liquid is in         direct contact with low density liquid in a lower elevation         reservoir, or in a higher elevation reservoir, or a combination         thereof. For example, in some embodiments, a thermal storage         medium may comprise the same composition as or may comprise the         high density liquid. For example, in some embodiments, heat         exchange between the low density liquid and high density liquid         may involve directly contacting high density liquid and low         density liquid. For example, in some embodiments, heat exchange         between the low density liquid and high density liquid may         involve directly mixing and demixing high density liquid and low         density liquid. For example, in some embodiments, heat exchange         between the low density liquid and thermal storage medium may         involve directly contacting thermal storage medium and low         density liquid.     -   Some embodiments may employ more than one low density liquid         pipe or riser and/or more than one high density liquid pipe or         riser. Employing more than one pipe or riser may be desirable in         some embodiments due to, for example, including, but not limited         to, one or more or a combination of the following: reduce         installation cost, match installation capabilities, limits of         installation capabilities, reducing CAPEX, increasing         redundancy, longevity, connecting with more than one lower         elevation tank, connecting with more than one higher elevation         tank, connecting to more than one pump or generator or a         combination thereof.     -   In some embodiments, low density liquid and high density liquid         may be stored in the lower elevation reservoir and the higher         elevation reservoir within at least a portion of the same tanks.         For example, during storing electricity or ‘charging’, LDL may         displace HDL in the lower elevation reservoir and HDL may         displace LDL in the higher elevation reservoir. For example,         during generating electricity or ‘discharging’, HDL may displace         LDL in the lower elevation reservoir and HDL may displace LDL in         the higher elevation reservoir.     -   In some embodiments, the LDL in the higher elevation reservoir         may comprise a low boiling point low density liquid and may         require cooling or to be stored at a temperature below some         ambient temperature in the higher elevation reservoir. In some         embodiments, such as embodiments with low density liquid and         high density liquid stored in the lower elevation reservoir and         the higher elevation reservoir within at least a portion of the         same tanks, it may be desirable for the HDL to function as a         form of thermal storage or a thermal storage medium. For         example, during generating electricity or ‘discharging’, ‘cold’         HDL exiting a higher elevation reservoir may be heat exchanged         with ‘warm’ LDL entering a higher elevation reservoir, resulting         in ‘cold’ LDL entering a higher elevation reservoir and ‘warm’         HDL transferred to a lower elevation reservoir.     -   In some embodiments, it is important to note the volume of LDL         and HDL entering or exiting higher elevation regions and lower         elevation regions during storing electricity (charging) or         generating electricity (discharging) may the same or similar,         however, the density and specific heat capacity of the HDL and         LDL may be different. For example, HDL may possess a greater         density and/or greater specific heat capacity than LDL. HDL may         possess greater total heat capacity than LDL for the same volume         of liquid. Heat exchanging equal volumes of HDL and LDL may         result in greater temperature change of LDL than HDL and may         result in incomplete heat recovery. There are multiple         configurations which may be employed to more efficiently recover         heat from entering and exiting HDL or exiting and entering LDL.         Said configurations may include, but are not limited to, one or         more or a combination of the following summarized below:         -   In some embodiments, only a portion of HDL is heat exchanged             with LDL during the transfer of LDL and HDL between the             higher elevation and lower elevation reservoirs. Said             portion may comprise an amount of HDL with a total heat             capacity similar or the same as the total heat capacity of             the LDL heat exchanged with said portion of HDL.         -   In some embodiments, only a portion of HDL is heat exchanged             with LDL during the transfer of LDL and HDL between the             higher elevation and lower elevation reservoirs. The other             portion of HDL may be heat exchanged with a supplemental             thermal storage. Said ‘portion’ of HDL and ‘other portion’             or HDL may be merged into the same pipe or pipes before or             during transferring from the higher elevation portion to the             lower elevation portion.         -   In some embodiments, only a portion of HDL is heat exchanged             with LDL during the transfer of LDL and HDL between the             higher elevation and lower elevation reservoirs.             -   During storing electricity or ‘charging’, said portion                 of HDL may be stored in a ‘cold’ HDL storage tank after                 heat exchanging. Said ‘cold’ HDL storage tank may                 transfer a volume of ‘cold’ HDL into a tank designed to                 store both HDL and LDL. Said volume of ‘cold’ HDL                 transferred into a tank designed to store both HDL and                 LDL may comprise a volume of HDL about the same as the                 volume of LDL exiting said tank designed to store both                 HDL and LDL. Said volume of ‘cold’ HDL transferred into                 a tank designed to store both HDL and LDL may comprise a                 volume of HDL greater than the volume of HDL in said                 ‘portion’ of HDL. The other portion of HDL, which may                 comprise HDL not heat exchanged with LDL during the                 transfer of LDL and HDL between the higher elevation and                 lower elevation reservoirs, may be stored in a ‘warm’                 HDL storage tank.             -   During generating electricity or ‘discharging’, a volume                 of ‘cold’ HDL may be transferred from said tank designed                 to store both HDL and LDL into said ‘cold’ HDL storage                 tank and/or an equivalent volume of LDL may enter said                 tank designed to store both HDL and LDL. A portion of                 HDL is transferred from said ‘cold’ HDL storage tank and                 heat exchanged with LDL before or during the transfer of                 said LDL into said tank designed to store both HDL and                 LDL. Additionally, HDL representing ‘other portion of                 HDL’ may be transferred from said ‘warm’ HDL storage                 tank. Said ‘portion’ of HDL and ‘other portion’ or HDL                 may be merged into the same pipe or pipes before or                 during transferring from the higher elevation portion to                 the lower elevation portion.     -   Electricity may be provided as an example of work stored or         generated or transferred or a combination thereof. If desired,         other forms of work may be stored or generated or transferred,         which may include, but are not limited to, one or more or a         combination of the following: hydraulic work, or pneumatic work,         or mechanical work.     -   If the density of high density liquid is practically the same as         the density of water surrounding a lower elevation reservoir,         the pressure inside a lower elevation reservoir may be close to         or practically the same as the pressure outside or surrounding         or adjacent to said lower elevation reservoir.     -   In some embodiments, HDL may comprise a thermal storage medium.     -   Some embodiments may employ direct contact heat exchangers. For         example, if low density liquid is insoluble in or fully         saturated in high density liquid, low density liquid and high         density liquid may be directly contacted during a heat exchange.         Direct contact heat exchange may have multiple advantages, which         may include, but are not limited to, one or more or a         combination of the following: lower heat exchange delta T, or         lower CAPEX, or greater energy efficiency, or less corrosion, or         less surfaces, or less fouling, or lower pressure drop.     -   A possible direct contactor heat exchanger may involve a column         comprising a high density liquid input, a high density liquid         output, a low density liquid input, and a low density liquid         output. Low density liquid input may be located near the bottom         of the column. The high density liquid input may be located near         the top of the column. The low density liquid output may be         located near the top of the column. The high density liquid         output may be located near the bottom of the column. For         example, low density liquid may enter near the bottom of the         column and float to the top of the column. For example, high         density liquid may enter near the top of the column and sink to         the bottom of the column. During the floating of low density         liquid and the sinking of high density liquid, the low density         liquid and high density liquid may heat exchange and heat         transfer may occur. If desired, the column may contain packing         material. If desired, the column may contain agitation. If         desired, one column or more than one column may be employed.     -   In some embodiments, it may be desirable to store low density         liquid and high density liquid at relatively high temperature         within environments with total pressures near or greater than or         equal to the pressures required for hydrate formation. In some         embodiments, said relatively high temperature may comprise a         temperature greater than hydrate formation temperatures. In some         embodiments, said environments with total pressures near or         greater than or equal to the pressures required for hydrate         formation may comprise a lower elevation reservoir, or a pipe,         or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, it may be         desirable to heat the low density liquid, or high density         liquid, or both to said relatively high temperature before, or         during, or after, transferring said low density liquid, or high         density liquid from a higher elevation reservoir to a lower         elevation reservoir. It may be desirable to employ heated low         density liquid and/or high density liquid in total pressures         near or greater than or equal to the pressures required for         hydrate formation to prevent hydrate formation, or enable safe         liquid handling, or enable direct liquid-liquid contact, or a         combination thereof. It may be desirable tanks, pipes, and/or         other equipment to comprise at least a portion of insulation to,         for example, minimize heat or ‘cool’ losses and/or reduce         heating and/or cooling parasitic load. In some embodiments, it         may be desirable to countercurrent heat exchange or otherwise         heat exchange low density liquid and high density liquid during         transfer to enable recovery of heat and ‘cool’ and minimize         heating and/or cooling parasitic energy demands. In some         embodiments, it may be desirable to employ high temperature         and/or low temperature supplemental thermal storage.

EXAMPLE FIGURE DESCRIPTIONS

FIG. 140A: The present embodiment shown in the present figure may show an energy storage system which stores energy by displacing a high density fluid with a low density fluid. The present figure may show an embodiment employing a power exchanger (which may also be referred to as a pressure exchanger, or energy recovery device or unit, or power recovery device or unit). In the present embodiment, a power exchanger may be located in a lower elevation region near a lower elevation reservoir. A power exchanger may recover a portion of hydraulic power from a low density liquid stream and transfer the portion of recovered hydraulic power to a high density liquid stream. For example, a power exchanger may comprise a turbine or pump or pressure exchanger (‘5’) on a low density liquid stream, a mechanical or hydraulic or pneumatic or electrical power transmission method (‘10’), and/or a turbine or pump or pressure exchanger (‘5’) on a high density liquid stream. For example, in the present figure, a power exchanger may transfer sufficient power or pressure from a low density liquid stream to a high density liquid stream to apply sufficient pressure to the high density liquid stream to enable the high density liquid stream to overcome the pressure difference or pressure drop or pressure losses in the transfer of high density liquid from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation reservoir (‘12’). For example, in the present figure, the power exchanger may provide pressure or power transfer between the low density liquid and high density liquid, while enabling the lower elevation reservoir (‘7’) to remain at a relatively stable or constant pressure or with minimal change in the pressure of the lower elevation reservoir. The present figure may show power may be recovered and transferred from a low density liquid to a high density liquid stream, or power may be recovered and transferred from a high density liquid to a low density liquid stream, or a combination thereof. The present figure may show an embodiment with a pressure equalizer and/or pressure sensor (‘8’) connected to a lower elevation reservoir (‘7’). The present figure may show a thermally managed or cooled or refrigerated or a combination thereof (‘14’ and ‘15’) low density liquid higher elevation reservoir (‘1’). The present figure may show the present embodiment storing electricity or ‘charging’.

FIG. 140B: The present figure may be the same as FIG. 140A, although may show a portion of hydraulic power may be transferred from a low density liquid stream to a high density liquid stream when storing electricity or ‘charging’.

FIG. 140C: The present figure may be the same as FIG. 140A, although may show a low density liquid higher elevation reservoir without thermal management, or cooling, or refrigeration.

FIG. 141A: The present figure may be the same as FIG. 140A, although may show the present embodiment generating electricity or ‘discharging’. In some embodiments, during discharging, high density liquid may bypass a power exchanger (‘11’) and/or low density liquid may bypass a power exchanger (‘5’) when the system is generating electricity or ‘discharging’. In some embodiments, a supplemental pump may add supplemental pressure to the high density liquid transferred from a higher elevation reservoir to a lower elevation reservoir to, for example, overcome or compensate for pressure losses or pressure drop during transfer from the higher elevation reservoir to the lower elevation reservoir, and/or to ensure the pressure of high density liquid inside the lower elevation reservoir is about the same as the pressure surrounding or adjacent to or outside the lower elevation reservoir, and/or a combination thereof. Said supplemental pump, which may not be shown in the present figure, may be located in the higher elevation region, or the lower elevation region, or at another point in the process, or a combination thereof.

FIG. 141B: The present figure may be the same as FIG. 140B, although may show the present embodiment generating electricity or ‘discharging’. The present figure may show a portion of hydraulic power may be transferred from a high density liquid stream to a low density liquid stream when generating electricity or ‘discharging’.

FIG. 141C: The present figure may be the same as FIG. 140A, although may show a low density liquid higher elevation reservoir without thermal management, or cooling, or refrigeration.

FIG. 142A: The present embodiment shown in the present figure may show an energy storage system which stores energy by displacing a high density fluid with a low density fluid. The present figure may show an embodiment employing a power exchanger. In the present embodiment, the power exchanger may comprise a power recovery or pressure exchanger device which may be housed in one unit. The power exchanger may comprise hydraulic, and/or mechanical power or pressure transfer. The power exchanger may comprise electrical power or pressure transfer. The power exchanger may comprise pneumatic power or pressure transfer. The present figure may show a power exchanger (‘9’) recovering excess pressure or power from a low density liquid stream (‘4’) before the low density liquid stream enters a lower elevation reservoir (‘6’) and transferring said excess pressure or power to a high density liquid stream (‘9’), which may result in a high density liquid stream (‘10’) with sufficient pressure to overcome or compensate for pressure drop or pressure losses during the transfer of high density liquid from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation reservoir. The present figure may show an embodiment with a pressure equalizer and/or pressure sensor (‘8’) connected to a lower elevation reservoir (‘7’). The present figure may show a thermally managed or cooled or refrigerated or a combination thereof (‘14’ and ‘15’) low density liquid higher elevation reservoir (‘1’). The present figure may show the present embodiment storing electricity or ‘charging’.

FIG. 142B: The present embodiment shown in the present figure may be the same as FIG. 142A, although may show a low density liquid higher elevation reservoir without thermal management, or cooling, or refrigeration.

FIG. 143A: The present figure may be the same as FIG. 142A, although may show the present embodiment generating electricity or ‘discharging’. In some embodiments, during discharging, high density liquid may bypass a power exchanger (‘9’) and/or low density liquid may bypass a power exchanger (‘9’) when the system is generating electricity or ‘discharging’. In some embodiments, a supplemental pump may add supplemental pressure to the high density liquid transferred from a higher elevation reservoir to a lower elevation reservoir to, for example, overcome or compensate for pressure losses or pressure drop during transfer from the higher elevation reservoir to the lower elevation reservoir, and/or to ensure the pressure of high density liquid inside the lower elevation reservoir is about the same as the pressure surrounding or adjacent to or outside the lower elevation reservoir, and/or a combination thereof. Said supplemental pump, which may not be shown in the present figure, may be located in the higher elevation region, or the lower elevation region, or at another point in the process, or a combination thereof.

FIG. 143B: The present embodiment shown in the present figure may be the same as FIG. 143A, although may show a low density liquid higher elevation reservoir without thermal management, or cooling, or refrigeration.

FIG. 144: The present embodiment shown in the present figure may show an energy storage system which stores energy by displacing a high density fluid with a low density fluid. The present figure may show an embodiment employing a mechanism (‘11’) to remove or separate a portion of low density liquid present in the high density liquid before or while storing high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir. Removed or separated low density liquid may be transferred to one or more sections of the process designed to store low density liquid.

FIG. 145: The present embodiment shown in the present figure may show an energy storage system which stores energy by displacing a high density fluid with a low density fluid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a higher elevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid and/or may be thermally managed, such as cooled or refrigerated. The present figure may show an embodiment with a counter current heat exchange between low density liquid and high density liquid. The present figure may show the present embodiment storing electricity or ‘charging’.

FIG. 146: The present figure may be the same as FIG. 145, although may show the present embodiment generating electricity or ‘discharging’.

FIG. 147: The present figure may be the same as FIG. 145, although may show additional supplemental cooling of the high density liquid during ‘charging’ after heat exchange with the low density liquid. Additional supplemental cooling of the high density liquid may be required in some embodiments due to, for example, the greater heat capacity of the high density liquid for the same liquid volume as low density liquid.

FIG. 148: The present embodiment shown in the present figure may show an energy storage system which stores energy by displacing a high density fluid with a low density fluid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir located in a separate location than a higher elevation high density liquid reservoir. For example, the present figure may show the higher elevation high density liquid reservoir located on a floating structure and the higher elevation low density liquid reservoir located onshore. The present figure may show the present embodiment at a discharged state.

FIG. 149: The present figure may be the same as FIG. 148, although may show the present embodiment storing power or ‘charging’.

FIG. 150: The present figure may be the same as FIG. 148, although may show the present embodiment at a charged state.

FIG. 151: The present figure may be the same as FIG. 148, although may show the present embodiment generating power or ‘discharging’.

FIG. 152: The present figure may show a rigid tank with a pressure equalizer. The present figure may comprise a lower elevation reservoir while a process is storing electricity or ‘charging’. The present figure may comprise a higher elevation reservoir while a process is generating electricity or ‘discharging’. The pressure equalizer may include, but is not limited to, a flow meter, a flow controller, a bladder tank (‘6’), a valve, a connect/disconnect device, a pressure sensor, or a combination thereof. The pressure equalizer may mitigate pressure changes or pressure waves or overpressure events. The pressure equalizer may monitor the pressure inside the rigid tank relative to the pressure outside, or surrounding, or adjacent to the rigid tank. The pressure equalizer may ensure the pressure inside the rigid tank is similar to or equal to the pressure outside, or surrounding, or adjacent to the rigid tank. The pressure equalizer may be isolatable from the rigid tank, or detachable from the rigid tank. It is important to note the bladder tank of the pressure equalizer may be a substantially smaller volume than the volumetric capacity of the rigid tank. It is important to note the volume of liquid in the bladder tank of the pressure equalizer may remain relatively constant during normal operation, including, for example, when the energy storage process is charging, or discharging, or at a steady state. The pressure equalizer may be employed to monitor the pressure inside a reservoir relative to the pressure outside a reservoir, communicate pressure information to flow control equipment (such as pumps, turbines, and valves), and mitigate the impacts of potential underpressure or overpressure events. The bladder tank may be substituted or supplemented with a piston or similar pressure equalizing tank. In some embodiments, a pressure equalizer may comprise an expansion tank.

FIG. 153: The present figure may show a rigid tank with a pressure equalizer. The present figure may comprise a higher elevation reservoir while a process is storing electricity or ‘charging’. The present figure may comprise a lower elevation reservoir while a process is generating electricity or ‘discharging’.

FIG. 154: The present embodiment shown in the present figure may show an energy storage system which stores energy by displacing a high density fluid with a low density fluid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a higher elevation reservoir configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid and a power exchanger near or in a lower elevation region. The present figure may show an embodiment with thermal management and/or heat exchange between low density liquid and high density liquid. The present figure may show the present embodiment storing electricity or ‘charging’.

FIG. 155: The present figure may be the same as FIG. 154, although the present figure may show the present embodiment generating electricity or ‘discharging’.

FIG. 156: The present embodiment shown in the present figure may show an energy storage system which stores energy by displacing a high density fluid with a low density fluid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a higher elevation reservoir configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid and a power exchanger near or in a lower elevation region. The present figure may show an embodiment with thermal management of the low density liquid and/or high density liquid in a higher elevation reservoir. The present figure may show the present embodiment storing electricity or ‘charging’.

FIG. 157: The present figure may be the same as FIG. 156, although the present figure may show the present embodiment generating electricity or ‘discharging’.

FIG. 158: The present embodiment shown in the present figure may show an energy storage system which stores energy by displacing a high density fluid with a low density fluid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a pump fluidly connected to high density liquid in a lower elevation region. Said pump may be employed to add supplemental pressure to the high density liquid, wherein said supplemental pressure is equal to or greater than the pressure difference or pressure drop or pressure loss required to transfer high density liquid from a lower elevation region to a higher elevation region at a desired flow rate. Said pump may be powered by electricity. Said pump may be powered by electricity supplied by a subsea cable. Said pump may be powered by electricity supplied by a power exchanger. Said pump may be powered electrically, or hydraulically, or mechanically, or pneumatically, or a combination thereof. The present figure may show the present embodiment storing electricity or ‘charging’.

FIG. 159: The present embodiment shown in the present figure may show an energy storage system which stores energy by displacing a high density fluid with a low density fluid. The present figure may show an embodiment with a pump fluidly connected to high density liquid in a higher elevation region. Said pump may be employed to add supplemental pressure to the high density liquid, wherein said supplemental pressure is equal to or greater than the pressure difference or pressure drop or pressure loss required to transfer high density liquid from a higher elevation region to a lower elevation region at a desired flow rate. Said pump may be employed to add supplemental pressure to the high density liquid to ensure, for example, the pressure of the high density liquid in the lower elevation reservoir during discharging or generating electricity is about equal to or similar to the hydrostatic pressure outside of or adjacent to said lower elevation reservoir. Said pump may be powered by electricity. Said pump may be powered electrically, or hydraulically, or mechanically, or pneumatically, or a combination thereof. The present figure may show the present embodiment generating electricity or ‘discharging’.

EXAMPLE FIGURE KEYS

FIGS. 140A-C, 141A-C:

Label Description  1 Higher elevation low density liquid reservoir. May comprise one or more storage tanks or storage devices. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof. May be semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non-refrigerated, or a combination thereof.  2 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir and a pump.  3 Pump and / or turbine or Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT)  4 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a pump and a power exchanger, or between higher elevation parts and lower elevation parts, or a combination thereof.  5 A power exchanger. A power exchanger may be located in a lower elevation region near a lower elevation reservoir. A power exchanger may be located between a higher elevation region and a lower elevation region. ‘5’ may comprise a turbine and / or pump which may recover excess pressure in the low density liquid being transferred to a lower elevation reservoir. If desired, ‘excess pressure’ may be equal to or greater than the power required and / or pressure loss to transfer high density liquid from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation reservoir.  6 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a power exchanger and a lower elevation reservoir.  7 A lower elevation reservoir which may be configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid.  8 A pressure equalizer, or pressure sensor, or a combination thereof.  9 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and a power exchanger. 10 Represents the exchange of power between power exchangers or turbines or pumps or a combination thereof. ‘10’ may comprise a transfer of power, which may comprise, including, but not limited to, hydraulic, or electrical, or mechanical, or pneumatic, or a combination thereof power transfer. 11 A power exchanger. A power exchanger may be located in a lower elevation region near a lower elevation reservoir. A power exchanger may be located between a higher elevation region and a lower elevation region. ‘11’ may comprise a pump and / or turbine which may apply pressure to the high density liquid to facilitate the transfer of high density liquid from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation reservoir. If desired, said application of pressure may be powered by excess power or pressure recovered from a low density liquid stream. Said application of pressure may be equal to or greater than the pressure drop or pressure loss of high density liquid transferred from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation reservoir at a desired volumetric flow rate. 12 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a power exchanger and a higher elevation reservoir. 13 A higher elevation high density liquid reservoir. May comprise one or more storage tanks or storage devices. 14 May represent the transfer of heat, or fluids, or working fluids, or a combination thereof to facilitate cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof of the low density liquid, or high density liquid, or both. 15 A process for cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof. ‘15’ may employ ocean water or deep-sea ocean water as a heat sink. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent Elevation dashed box may comprise higher elevation parts. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may comprise lower elevation parts.

FIGS. 142A-B, 143A-B:

Label Description  1 Higher elevation low density liquid reservoir. May comprise one or more storage tanks or storage devices. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof. May be semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non-refrigerated, or a combination thereof.  2 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir and a pump.  3 Pump and / or turbine or Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT)  4 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a pump and a power exchanger, or between higher elevation parts and lower elevation parts, or a combination thereof.  5 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a power exchanger and a lower elevation reservoir.  6 A lower elevation reservoir which may be configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid.  7 A pressure equalizer, or pressure sensor, or a combination thereof.  8 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and a power exchanger.  9 A power exchanger. A power exchanger may be located in a lower elevation region near a lower elevation reservoir. A power exchanger may be located between a higher elevation region and a lower elevation region. ‘9’ may comprise a turbine and / or pump which may recover excess pressure in the low density liquid being transferred to a lower elevation reservoir. If desired, ‘excess pressure’ may be equal to or greater than the power required and / or pressure loss to transfer high density liquid from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation reservoir. ‘9’ may transfer power between a low density liquid stream and a high density liquid stream, which may comprise, including, but not limited to, hydraulic, or electrical, or mechanical, or pneumatic, or a combination thereof power transfer. ‘9’ may be designed to transfer pressure or power or both from low density liquid to high density liquid, or from high density liquid to low density liquid, or to a combination thereof. 10 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a power exchanger and a higher elevation reservoir. 11 A higher elevation high density liquid reservoir. May comprise one or more storage tanks or storage devices. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent Elevation dashed box may comprise higher elevation parts. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent Elevation dashed box may comprise lower elevation parts.

FIG. 144:

Label Description  1 Higher elevation low density liquid reservoir. May comprise one or more storage tanks or storage devices. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi- pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof May be semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non-refrigerated, or a combination thereof.  2 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a higher elevation low density liquid reservoir and a pump.  3 Pump and / or turbine or Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT)  4 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a pump and a power exchanger, or between higher elevation parts and lower elevation parts, or a combination thereof.  5 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a power exchanger and a lower elevation reservoir.  6 A lower elevation reservoir which may be configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid.  7 A pressure equalizer, or pressure sensor, or a combination thereof.  8 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and a power exchanger.  9 A power exchanger. A power exchanger may be located in a lower elevation region near a lower elevation reservoir. A power exchanger may be located between a higher elevation region and a lower elevation region. ‘9’ may comprise a turbine and / or pump which may recover excess pressure in the low density liquid being transferred to a lower elevation reservoir. If desired, ‘excess pressure’ may be equal to or greater than the power required and / or pressure loss to transfer high density liquid from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation reservoir. ‘9’ may transfer power between a low density liquid stream and a high density liquid stream, which may comprise, including, but not limited to, hydraulic, or electrical, or mechanical, or pneumatic, or a combination thereof power transfer. ‘9’ may be designed to transfer pressure or power or both from low density liquid to high density liquid, or from high density liquid to low density liquid, or to a combination thereof. 10 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a power exchanger and a higher elevation region. 11 A process for separating or removing at least a portion of low density liquid present in the high density liquid. 12 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a process for separating or removing at least a portion of low density liquid present in the high density liquid and a higher elevation high density liquid reservoir. 13 A higher elevation high density liquid reservoir. May comprise one or more storage tanks or storage devices. 14 Separated low density liquid, which may require additional processing before returning to low density liquid in the system. 15 Additional processing for separated low density liquid. For example, if the low density liquid is at a vapor phase, the additional processing may involve compressing, condensing, or cooling the low density liquid before transfer to another part of the system. 16 A pipe transferring low density liquid from a processing step to a low density liquid higher elevation reservoir. 17 May represent the transfer of heat, or fluids, or working fluids, or a combination thereof to facilitate cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof of the low density liquid, or high density liquid, or both. 18 A process for cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof. ‘18’ may employ ocean water or deep-sea ocean water as a heat sink. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent Elevation dashed box may comprise higher elevation parts. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent Elevation dashed box may comprise lower elevation parts.

FIGS. 145, 146:

Label Description  1 Higher elevation reservoir configured to store low density liquid and high density liquid. May comprise one or more storage tanks or storage devices. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof. May be semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non-refrigerated, or a combination thereof.  2 A pipe transferring low density liquid between a higher reservoir and a heat exchanger.  3 A low density liquid—high density liquid heat exchanger. ‘3’ may comprise a counter-current heat exchanger.  4 A pipe transferring low density liquid between a higher reservoir and a pump.  5 A pump and / or turbine or Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT)  6 A pipe transferring low density liquid between a pump and a lower elevation reservoir, or between higher elevation parts and lower elevation parts, or a combination thereof  7 A lower elevation reservoir which may be configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid.  8 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and a heat exchanger, or a pipe transferring high density liquid between lower elevation parts and higher elevation parts, or a combination thereof.  9 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a heat exchanger and a higher elevation reservoir. 10 May represent the transfer of heat, or fluids, or working fluids, or a combination thereof to facilitate cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof of the low density liquid, or high density liquid, or both. 11 A process for cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof. ‘11’ may employ ocean water or deep-sea ocean water as a heat sink. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may comprise higher elevation parts. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may comprise lower elevation parts.

FIG. 147:

Label Description  1 Higher elevation reservoir configured to store low density liquid and high density liquid. May comprise one or more storage tanks or storage devices. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof. May be semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non- refrigerated, or a combination thereof.  2 A pipe transferring low density liquid between a higher reservoir and a heat exchanger.  3 A low density liquid—high density liquid heat exchanger. ‘3’ may comprise a counter-current heat exchanger.  4 A pipe transferring low density liquid between a higher reservoir and a pump.  5 A pump and / or turbine or Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT)  6 A pipe transferring low density liquid between a pump and a lower elevation reservoir, or between higher elevation parts and lower elevation parts, or a combination thereof.  7 A lower elevation reservoir which may be configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid.  8 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and a heat exchanger, or a pipe transferring high density liquid between lower elevation parts and higher elevation parts, or a combination thereof.  9 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a high density liquid—low density liquid heat exchanger and a supplemental cooling process or supplemental cooling heat exchanger. 10 A supplemental cooling process or supplemental cooling heat exchanger. May further cool or adjust the temperature of the high density liquid to ensure it is within a desired temperature range before entering a higher elevation reservoir. 11 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a cooling process or supplemental cooling heat exchanger and a higher elevation reservoir. 12 May represent the transfer of heat, or fluids, or working fluids, or a combination thereof to facilitate cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof of the low density liquid, or high density liquid, or both. 13 A process for cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof. ‘13’ may employ ocean water or deep-sea ocean water as a heat sink. 14 May represent the transfer of heat, or fluids, or working fluids, or a combination thereof to facilitate cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof of the low density liquid, or high density liquid, or both. 15 A process for cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof. ‘15’ may employ ocean water or deep-sea ocean water as a heat sink. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may comprise higher elevation parts. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may comprise lower elevation parts.

FIGS. 148-151:

Label Description 1 A higher elevation reservoir configured to store low density liquid. May comprise one or more storage tanks. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi- pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof. May be semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non-refrigerated, or a combination thereof. 2 A lower elevation reservoir designed to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. 3 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a pump / generator and a lower elevation reservoir. 4 A pump and / or generator. 5 A valve. 6 A higher elevation reservoir configured to store high density liquid. May comprise one or more storage tanks. 7 Pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and a higher elevation reservoir. 8 A floating structure which may be employed to contain at least a portion of higher elevation parts or higher elevation region. May comprise an FSO, or FSU, or platform, or ship, or converted structure, or a custom structure, a moored structure, or a stable structure, or a buoyant structure, or a combination thereof. In the present figure, ‘8’ may comprise a floating structure configured to store high density liquid. Ocean May comprise a water body, such as an ocean or lake. May represent a body of liquid. May represent a body of solid. May represent a combination thereof. Land May comprise land or solid surface or a combination thereof.

FIGS. 152-153:

Label Description 1 May represent a low density liquid pipe. 2 A rigid storage tank. May represent a lower elevation reservoir, or a higher elevation reservoir, or a combination thereof. 3 May represent a high density liquid pipe. 4 A pipe fluidly connecting a pressure equalizer with a rigid tank. 5 One or more or a combination of components comprising a pressure equalizer. May comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or combination of the following: a valve, a flow meter, or a flow controller, or a pressure sensor, or a pump, a turbine, or a connector / disconnector. 6 One or more or a combination of components comprising a pressure equalizer. May comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or combination of the following: a bladder tank, or a piston, or a variable volume tank, or an expansion tank, or a tank with pressure equilibrium between the fluids surrounding the tank and the fluids inside the tank.

FIGS. 154, 155:

Label Description  1 Higher elevation reservoir configured to store low density liquid and high density liquid. May comprise one or more storage tanks or storage devices. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof. May be semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non- refrigerated, or a combination thereof.  2 A pipe transferring low density liquid between a higher reservoir and a heat exchanger.  3 A low density liquid—high density liquid heat exchanger. ‘3’ may comprise a counter-current heat exchanger.  4 A pipe transferring low density liquid between a higher reservoir and a pump.  5 A pump and / or turbine or Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT)  6 A pipe transferring low density liquid between a pump and a power exchanger, or between higher elevation parts and lower elevation parts, or a combination thereof.  7 A power exchanger. A power exchanger may be located in a lower elevation region near a lower elevation reservoir. A power exchanger may be located between a higher elevation region and a lower elevation region. ‘7’ may comprise a turbine and / or pump which may recover excess pressure in the low density liquid being transferred to a lower elevation reservoir. If desired, ‘excess pressure’ may be equal to or greater than the power required and / or pressure loss to transfer high density liquid from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation reservoir. ‘7’ may transfer power between a low density liquid stream and a high density liquid stream, which may comprise, including, but not limited to, hydraulic, or electrical, or mechanical, or pneumatic, or a combination thereof power transfer. ‘7’ may be designed to transfer pressure or power or both from low density liquid to high density liquid, or from high density liquid to low density liquid, or to a combination thereof.  8 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a power exchanger and a lower elevation reservoir.  9 A pressure equalizer, or pressure sensor, or a combination thereof. 10 A lower elevation reservoir which may be configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid. 11 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and a power exchanger. 12 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a power exchanger and a heat exchanger, or between lower elevation parts and higher elevation parts, or a combination thereof. 13 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a high density liquid—low density liquid heat exchanger and a supplemental cooling process or supplemental cooling heat exchanger. 14 A supplemental cooling process or supplemental cooling heat exchanger. May further cool or adjust the temperature of the high density liquid to ensure it is within a desired temperature range before entering a higher elevation reservoir. 15 May represent the transfer of heat, or fluids, or working fluids, or a combination thereof to facilitate cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof of the low density liquid, or high density liquid, or both. 16 A process for cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof. ‘16’ may employ ocean water or deep-sea ocean water as a heat sink. 17 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a cooling process or supplemental cooling heat exchanger and a higher elevation reservoir. 18 May represent the transfer of heat, or fluids, or working fluids, or a combination thereof to facilitate cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof of the low density liquid, or high density liquid, or both. 19 A process for cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof. ‘19’ may employ ocean water or deep-sea ocean water as a heat sink. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may comprise higher elevation parts. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may comprise lower elevation parts.

FIGS. 156, 157:

Label Description  1 Higher elevation reservoir configured to store low density liquid and high density liquid. May comprise one or more storage tanks or storage devices. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof. May be semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non- refrigerated, or a combination thereof.  2 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a higher elevation reservoir and a pump.  3 Pump and / or turbine or Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT)  4 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a pump and a power exchanger, or between higher elevation parts and lower elevation parts, or a combination thereof.  5 A power exchanger. A power exchanger may be located in a lower elevation region near a lower elevation reservoir. A power exchanger may be located between a higher elevation region and a lower elevation region. ‘5’ may comprise a turbine and / or pump which may recover excess pressure in the low density liquid being transferred to a lower elevation reservoir. If desired, ‘excess pressure’ may be equal to or greater than the power required and / or pressure loss to transfer high density liquid from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation reservoir. ‘5’ may transfer power between a low density liquid stream and a high density liquid stream, which may comprise, including, but not limited to, hydraulic, or electrical, or mechanical, or pneumatic, or a combination thereof power transfer. ‘5’ may be designed to transfer pressure or power or both from low density liquid to high density liquid, or from high density liquid to low density liquid, or to a combination thereof.  6 A pipe transferring low density liquid between a power exchanger and a lower elevation reservoir.  7 A lower elevation reservoir which may be configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid.  8 A pressure equalizer, or pressure sensor, or a combination thereof.  9 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and a power exchanger. 10 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a power exchanger and a higher elevation reservoir. 11 May represent the transfer of heat, or fluids, or working fluids, or a combination thereof to facilitate cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof of the low density liquid, or high density liquid, or both. 12 A process for cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof. ‘12’ may employ ocean water or deep-sea ocean water as a heat sink. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may comprise higher elevation parts. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may comprise lower elevation parts.

FIG. 158:

Label Description  1 Higher elevation reservoir which may be configured to store low density liquid and high density liquid. May comprise one or more storage tanks or storage devices. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof. May be semi- refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non-refrigerated, or a combination thereof.  2 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a higher elevation reservoir and a pump.  3 Pump and / or turbine or Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT)  4 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a pump and a lower elevation reservoir, or between higher elevation parts and lower elevation parts, or a combination thereof.  5 A lower elevation reservoir which may be configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid.  6 A pressure equalizer, or pressure sensor, or a combination thereof.  7 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and a pump.  8 A pump which may be fluidly connected to high density liquid which may provide supplemental pressure to the high density liquid. Said supplemental pressure may be equal to or greater than the pressure difference, pressure loss, or pressure drop required to transfer high density liquid from lower elevation parts to higher elevation parts.  9 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a pump and a higher elevation reservoir, or between lower elevation parts and higher elevation parts. 10 May represent the transfer of heat, or fluids, or working fluids, or a combination thereof to facilitate cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof of the low density liquid, or high density liquid, or both. 11 A process for cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof. ‘11’ may employ ocean water or deep-sea ocean water as a heat sink. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may comprise higher elevation parts. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may comprise lower elevation parts.

FIG. 159:

Label Description  1 Higher elevation reservoir which may be configured to store low density liquid and high density liquid. May comprise one or more storage tanks or storage devices. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof. May be semi- refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non-refrigerated, or a combination thereof.  2 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a higher elevation reservoir and a pump.  3 Pump and / or turbine or Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT)  4 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a pump and a lower elevation reservoir, or between higher elevation parts and lower elevation parts, or a combination thereof.  5 A lower elevation reservoir which may be configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid.  6 A pressure equalizer, or pressure sensor, or a combination thereof.  7 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and a pump, or between lower elevation parts and higher elevation parts.  8 A pump which may be fluidly connected to high density liquid which may provide supplemental pressure to the high density liquid. Said supplemental pressure may be equal to or greater than the pressure difference, pressure loss, or pressure drop required to transfer high density liquid from higher elevation parts to lower elevation parts. Said supplemental pressure may be provided to ensure the pressure of high density liquid in the lower elevation reservoir is about the same as or near the hydrostatic pressure outside of, or surrounding, or adjacent to said lower elevation reservoir.  9 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a pump and a higher elevation reservoir. 10 May represent the transfer of heat, or fluids, or working fluids, or a combination thereof to facilitate cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof of the low density liquid, or high density liquid, or both. 11 A process for cooling, or heating, or thermal management, or a combination thereof. ‘11’ may employ ocean water or deep-sea ocean water as a heat sink. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may comprise higher elevation parts. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may comprise lower elevation parts.

ADDITIONAL DESCRIPTION

-   -   In some embodiments, a pressure exchanger, or pressure recovery,         or power recovery turbine, or a combination thereof may be         employed, which may be referred to as a power exchanger or a         pressure exchanger. Please note, power exchanger and pressure         exchanger may be employed interchangeably. In some embodiments,         a power exchanger or pressure exchanger may be employed near a         lower elevation reservoir.         -   A power exchanger may involve recovering power from one             stream and transferring it to another stream. For example,             in some embodiments, during charging, excess pressure or             power in the low density liquid stream being transferred             into a lower elevation reservoir may be harnessed by a power             exchanger, and said harnessed power may be employed to power             and/or facilitate the transfer a high density liquid from             the lower elevation reservoir to the higher elevation             reservoir.         -   In some embodiments, energy is stored when low density             liquid is transferred in a pipe from a higher elevation             reservoir to a lower elevation reservoir, displacing high             density liquid in the lower elevation reservoir. In some             embodiments, the displaced high density liquid in the lower             elevation is transferred in a pipe to a higher elevation             reservoir. In some embodiments, the pressure of the low             density liquid during storing energy or ‘charging’ must be             greater than the pressure of the high density liquid in the             lower elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, the pressure             of the low density liquid during storing energy or             ‘charging’ must be greater than the pressure of the high             density liquid in the lower elevation reservoir by a             pressure difference greater than or equal to the pressure             difference required for displaced high density liquid to             transfer through a pipe from the lower elevation reservoir             to the higher elevation reservoir at a desired volumetric             flow rate. Said desired volumetric flow rate may comprise,             for example, a volumetric flow rate equal to the volumetric             flow rate of low density liquid being transferred into the             lower elevation reservoir. Transferring high density liquid             through a pipe from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher             elevation reservoir at a sufficient flow rate may require a             pressure difference or some pressurization to, for example,             overcome pipeline pressure drop. In some embodiments, said             pressure difference may be applied by a low density liquid             being transferred into a lower elevation reservoir.             -   In some embodiments, said pressure difference may be                 applied by low density liquid being transferred into a                 lower elevation reservoir and wherein the pressure                 difference is applied within the lower elevation                 reservoir to the high density liquid within a lower                 elevation reservoir. Applying said pressure difference                 within a lower elevation reservoir may require a lower                 elevation reservoir designed to withstand a pressure                 equal to or greater than said pressure difference,                 especially, for example, if the pressure inside said                 lower elevation reservoir was about equal to the                 pressure surrounding or outside or adjacent to said                 lower elevation reservoir prior to applying said                 pressure difference.             -   In some embodiments, said pressure difference may be                 powered by low density liquid being transferred into a                 lower elevation reservoir. For example, before entering                 a lower elevation reservoir, low density liquid may pass                 through a power exchanger, wherein a portion of power                 and/or pressure is recovered from said low density                 liquid. Said portion of power and/or pressure recovered                 from said low density liquid may be employed to power                 the transfer of high density liquid from a lower                 elevation reservoir to a higher elevation reservoir.                 Said ‘power the transfer of high density liquid from a                 lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation                 reservoir’ may involve providing pressure and/or power                 to a pump to pressurize the high density liquid to a                 pressure difference greater than or equal to the                 pressure difference required for displaced high density                 liquid to transfer through a pipe from the lower                 elevation reservoir to the higher elevation reservoir at                 a desired volumetric flow rate. It may be desirable for                 a power exchange or pressure exchange or both to occur                 outside of a lower elevation tank or reservoir. For                 example, by conducting at least a portion of said power                 exchange or pressure exchange or both outside a lower                 elevation tank or reservoir, said lower elevation tank                 or reservoir may operate with minimal pressure internal                 pressure change during charging and discharging. For                 example, by conducting at least a portion of said power                 exchange or pressure exchange or both outside a lower                 elevation tank or reservoir, said lower elevation tank                 or reservoir may require less pressure difference                 tolerance or pressure difference resistance, which may                 enable the use of larger and/or less expensive tanks or                 other storage vessels.         -   In some embodiments, a power exchanger may function as a             flow meter, or a flow controller, or a valve, or a             combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, a             power exchanger may communicate with a pressure sensor             and/or pressure equalizer inside a lower elevation             reservoir, wherein said power exchanger may adjust the flow             rate of low density liquid and/or high density liquid, for             example, to ensure the pressure inside the lower elevation             reservoir is within a desired pressure range.         -   In some embodiments, a power exchanger may function to             provide power to processes near a lower elevation reservoir.             Said processes near a lower elevation reservoir may include,             but are not limited to, valves, flow controllers, sensors,             monitoring equipment, pumps, pressure exchangers, turbines,             flow meters, lights, equipment, drones, autonomous vehicles,             non-autonomous vehicles, communication devices, or a             combination thereof         -   The pressure of the low density liquid created by a pump             during storing energy or ‘charging’ may be equal to or             greater than, for example, the sum of:             -   The gravitational or hydrostatic pressure of the high                 density liquid minus the gravitational or hydrostatic                 pressure of the low density liquid at the elevation                 difference between the lower elevation reservoir and the                 higher elevation reservoir.             -   The pressure difference or pressure loss of low density                 liquid during transfer in a pipeline between a higher                 elevation reservoir and a lower elevation reservoir at a                 desired volumetric flow rate             -   The pressure difference or pressure loss of high density                 liquid during transfer in a pipeline between a lower                 elevation reservoir and a higher elevation reservoir at                 a desired volumetric flow rate.             -   Any pressure or power losses in the exchange of power or                 pressure between low density liquid and high density                 liquid to, for example, enable or facilitate low density                 liquid displacing high density liquid in a lower                 elevation reservoir.     -   In some embodiments, a portion of low density liquid may         dissolve in high density liquid. In some embodiments, a portion         of high density liquid may dissolve in low density liquid. In         some embodiments, a portion of low density liquid may dissolve         in high density liquid due to the signification pressure of low         density liquid and high density liquid in a lower elevation         reservoir. In some embodiments, low density liquid may possess a         low boiling point or a high vapor pressure or both. In some         embodiments, low density liquid may be present in high density         liquid transferred from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher         elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, before transferring         said high density liquid into a higher elevation reservoir, a         portion of said low density liquid present in the high density         liquid may be removed from said high density liquid. In some         embodiments, a portion of said low density liquid present in the         high density liquid may be removed from said high density liquid         while said high density liquid is inside a higher elevation         reservoir. Said removing of a portion of said low density liquid         from said high density liquid may involve, for example,         including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of         the following: depressurization, liquid-liquid separation,         gas-liquid separation, vacuum distillation, vacuum compression,         degasification, agitation, heating, cooling, compression,         membranes, or separators. Separated low density liquid may be         recovered and may be transferred to another portion of the         process, or may be transferred to another application. Separated         low density liquid may comprise vapor phase low density liquid.         Said vapor phase low density liquid may be compressed and/or         condensed and/or cooled before or during or after transfer to         another portion of the process. Separation of low density liquid         present in high density liquid may occur before, or during, or         after, or a combination thereof transferring high density liquid         into a higher elevation reservoir.     -   In some embodiments, low density liquid may be dissolved in high         density liquid at a concentration less than 30 wt %, or 20 wt %,         or 10 wt %, or 5 wt %, or 4 wt %, or 3 wt %, or 2 wt %, or 1 wt         %, or 0.5 wt %, or 0.1 wt %, or 0.01 wt %, or 0.001 wt %.     -   In some embodiments, low density liquid and/or high density         liquid may be thermally managed to be stored at a desired         temperature range in a higher elevation reservoir. For example,         if a higher elevation reservoir is configured to store both low         density liquid and high density liquid, low density liquid and         high density liquid may be cooled or heated or both to ensure a         desired temperature range. For example, if low density liquid is         liquid normal butane and high density liquid is ocean water or         an aqueous solution with similar density as ocean water, it may         be desirable for low density liquid or high density liquid or         both to be stored at a temperature near the temperature of deep         ocean water (for example: less than 6 degrees Celsius), or at a         temperature near or less than or equal to the boiling point of         low density liquid at atmospheric pressure (for example: less         than or equal to 1° C. or −1° C.), or both. Due to, for example,         the large mass of the low density liquid and high density         liquid, and/or the low surface area to volume ratio of large         volume tanks, and/or the mild or cold temperature of deep ocean         water, the temperature of low density liquid and high density         liquid may operate within a desired temperature range or with         minimal temperature change during process operation. If the         temperature of low density liquid and/or high density liquid         changes beyond a desired temperature range, a thermal management         process may cool and/or heat the low density liquid and/or high         density liquid into a desired temperature range.     -   In some embodiments, a lower elevation region or a lower         elevation reservoir may comprise tanks in different locations.     -   In some embodiments, a higher elevation region or a higher         elevation reservoir may comprise tanks in different locations.         For example, in some embodiments, a higher elevation lower         density liquid tank may be located on land, while a higher         elevation higher density liquid tank may comprise a floating         structure. For example, in some embodiments, a higher elevation         lower density liquid tank may comprise a rigid tank while a         higher elevation higher density liquid tank may comprise bladder         tank. For example, in some embodiments, a higher elevation lower         density liquid tank may comprise a rigid tank while a higher         elevation higher density liquid tank may comprise a water         storage pond or basin. For example, in some embodiments, a         higher elevation higher density liquid tank may comprise a         floating structure.     -   In some embodiments, a rigid tank may be employed as a lower         elevation reservoir. If a lower elevation reservoir is located         underwater, it may be desirable for the pressure inside the         lower elevation reservoir to be similar to the pressure         surrounding or outside said underwater reservoir. It may be         desirable for the pressure inside the lower elevation reservoir         to be similar to the pressure surrounding or outside a lower         elevation reservoir to, for example, minimize the required         pressure difference resistance or required pressure difference         tolerance of a lower elevation reservoir tank, which may         minimize the cost of a lower elevation reservoir tank. It may be         desirable for the lower elevation reservoir to be able to         mitigate or minimize the impact of changes in pressure or         pressure waves due to, for example, changes in the flow of         liquids, or due to overpressure, or due to water hammer, or due         to liquid hammer, or a combination thereof. For example, some         embodiments may employ a pressure equalizer interconnected to a         lower elevation reservoir rigid tank. A pressure equalizer may         comprise a relatively small bladder tank, and/or a piston,         and/or a flow meter, and/or a pressure sensor, and/or a flow         controller, and/or actuator, and/or pump, and/or a valve, and/or         pressure relief valve, and/or pressure compensation valve, or a         combination thereof         -   A pressure equalizer may ensure the pressure inside a lower             elevation reservoir is similar to or about the same as the             pressure outside, or surrounding, or adjacent to a lower             elevation reservoir.         -   A pressure equalizer may be fluidly connected to high             density liquid inside a rigid lower elevation reservoir.             Alternatively, or additionally, A pressure equalizer may be             fluidly connected to low density liquid inside a rigid lower             elevation reservoir.         -   If a pressure equalizer employs a bladder tank, or a piston,             or a combination thereof, it may be desirable for the             volumetric capacity of said bladder tank, or a piston, or a             combination thereof to be less than or equal to 0.01%, or             0.05%, or 0.1%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 5%, or 10%, or 15%, or             20%, or 25%, the volumetric capacity of the rigid lower             elevation reservoir.         -   A pressure equalizer may mitigate or minimize the impact of             changes in pressure or pressure waves         -   A pressure equalizer may monitor pressure inside a rigid             tank relative to the pressure outside a rigid tank. For             example, if liquid flows from the pressure equalizer into a             lower elevation reservoir, the pressure inside a lower             elevation reservoir may be less than the pressure outside a             lower elevation reservoir. For example, if liquid flows from             a lower elevation reservoir into a pressure equalizer, the             pressure inside a lower elevation reservoir may be greater             than the pressure outside a lower elevation reservoir.         -   A pressure equalizer may communicate with pumps, or power             exchangers, or valves, or flow controllers, or other             equipment, or a combination thereof which may be located in             a lower elevation region, or a higher elevation region, or             any other point within the system, or a combination thereof.             For example, a pressure equalizer may provide information on             the pressure or relative pressure inside a lower elevation             reservoir, which may enable other equipment to make             adjustments to ensure a rigid lower elevation reservoir is             at a desired pressure relative to the pressure surrounding             or adjacent to or outside of said rigid lower elevation             reservoir.         -   A pressure equalizer bladder tank or piston or a combination             thereof may be located in a location external to a rigid             tank.         -   A pressure equalizer bladder tank or piston or a combination             thereof may be configured such that the bladder tank or             piston or a combination thereof can be replaced or removed             if desired. For example, a bladder tank or piston or a             combination thereof may be removed or replaced if damaged,             or requiring maintenance, or due to an improved alternative,             or a combination thereof.         -   A pressure equalizer bladder tank or piston or a combination             thereof may be configured such that the bladder tank or             piston or a combination thereof is accessible to subsea             watercraft or autonomous vehicles.         -   A pressure equalizer bladder tank or piston or a combination             thereof may be configured such that the bladder tank or             piston or a combination thereof may be configured to be             easily isolatable from the rigid tank. For example, a             pressure equalizer bladder tank or piston or a combination             may be fluidly disconnected from a rigid tank by closing a             valve. A pressure equalizer bladder tank or piston or a             combination may be fluidly disconnected, for example,             including, but not limited to, in the event of a leak, or in             the event of a potential risk of a failure, or if the             pressure equalizer is being maintained, or if parts of the             pressure equalizer are being replaced, or a combination             thereof         -   It may be desirable for a pressure equalizer bladder and/or             piston to be at a state of partially utilized capacity under             normal operating conditions. By being at a state of             partially utilized capacity, overpressure events may be             mitigated due to the flow of liquid into the pressure             equalizer due to the spare capacity in the pressure             equalizer. By being at a state of partially utilized             capacity, underpressure events may be mitigated due to the             flow of liquid from the pressure equalizer into the lower             elevation rigid tank.         -   It may be desirable for relatively minimal liquid to flow             into or out of a pressure equalizer bladder and/or piston             during normal operation of the energy storage process. For             example, during a normal full charge/discharge cycle of the             energy storage process, the volume of liquid stored in a             pressure equalizer bladder and/or piston may only change by             less than or equal to +/−1%, or +/−5%, or +/−10%, or +/−15%,             or +/−20%, or +/−25%, or +/−30%, or +/−35%, or +/−40%, or             +/−45%, or +/−50%, or +/−55%, or +/−60%, or +/−65%, or             +/−70%, or +/−75%, or +/−80%, or +/−85%, or +/−90+/−.         -   It may be desirable for the pressure equalizer to only be             fluidly connected with liquid in a lower elevation reservoir             during overpressure and/or underpressure events. For             example, in an overpressure event, a pressure release or             similar valve may open to allow liquid to transfer from a             rigid lower elevation reservoir into a pressure equalizer.             For example, in an underpressure event, a valve may open to             allow liquid to transfer from a pressure equalizer into a             rigid lower elevation reservoir.

DESCRIPTION

Energy can be stored by pumping low density liquid into a lower elevation reservoir to displace high density liquid in the lower elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, the density of the high density liquid is similar or about the same as the density of ocean water or water or other liquid surrounding or adjacent to the lower elevation reservoir. Advantageously, using a high density liquid with a density similar to or about the same as ocean water or liquid surrounding or adjacent to the lower elevation reservoir may enable the pressure inside the lower elevation reservoir to be the same or similar to the pressure surrounding or adjacent to the lower elevation reservoir because the density of the high density liquid inside the system may be about the same as the liquid adjacent to or surrounding the tank, which may enable a similar hydrostatic pressure. By having similar hydrostatic pressure inside and outside of a lower elevation reservoir, the lower elevation reservoir may require minimal pressure resistance or pressure difference resistance significantly less than the pressure difference between the lower elevation and higher elevation tanks, which may enable the use of lower cost and/or larger volume tanks. A potential challenge of some embodiments of the presently described process is the process may be limited to liquids with a density similar to ocean water. If the density of the higher density liquid in some embodiments of the presently described process is greater than the density ocean water, hydrostatic pressure of the higher density liquid may be greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the ocean water at the depth of the lower elevation reservoir, which may result in the requirement of using a tank resistant to the pressure difference between the hydrostatic pressure of the higher density liquid and ocean water in the lower elevation reservoir, which may be significantly more expensive than a tank with pressure equilibrium with the surrounding ocean water. It may be desirable to employ a high density liquid with a higher density than ocean water due to, for example, the greater system energy density which may result. The energy density per cubic meter of liquid in some embodiments is driven by the density difference between the low density liquid and the high density liquid. Increasing the density of the high density liquid may substantially increase the energy density of the system by increasing the density difference between the low density liquid and the high density liquid. It may be desirable to develop a system which stores power by displacing high density liquid with a low density liquid, wherein the higher density liquid has a density greater than ocean water or greater than the density of water adjacent to the lower elevation reservoir, and wherein the lower elevation reservoir may operate at a pressure in pressure equilibrium or similar to the pressure of surrounding or adjacent ocean water. It may be desirable to develop a system which benefits from the greater system energy density of employing a liquid with a density greater than ocean water, while also enabling the lower elevation reservoir to operate at pressure equilibrium with the adjacent ocean water.

In some embodiments, the higher elevation reservoir may be located near land at an elevation greater than the elevation of the surface of a water body or the elevation of the ocean surface. In some embodiments, the higher elevation reservoir itself may be located at an elevation greater than the elevation of a water body or the elevation of the ocean surface. For example, the higher elevation reservoir may comprise a structure or tank located at an elevation, at least in part, above the elevation of a water body or the elevation of the ocean surface. For example, the higher elevation reservoir may be located on a mountain, or hill, or platform, or floating structure, or a similarly elevated surface, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to locate the higher elevation reservoir of the high density liquid at a higher elevation than the higher elevation reservoir of the low density liquid. For example, it may be desirable to locate the higher elevation reservoir of the low density liquid at an elevation near sea-level, while the higher elevation reservoir of the high density liquid may be located greater than 10 meters, or greater than 25 meters, or greater than 50 meters, or greater than 75 meters, or greater than 100 meters, or greater than 125 meters, or greater than 150 meters above sea level.

-   -   In some embodiments, placing the high density liquid higher         elevation reservoir at an elevation greater than the elevation         of the ocean surface, or greater than the elevation of the         higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, or a combination         thereof may be employed to ensure the hydrostatic pressure         inside the lower elevation reservoir is the same or similar to         the hydrostatic pressure adjacent to the lower elevation         reservoir. If, for example, the high density liquid has a         density less than ocean water, it may be desirable to increase         elevation of high density liquid higher elevation reservoir to         match hydrostatic pressure of ocean water adjacent to the lower         elevation reservoir. For example, some embodiments may employ         freshwater or freshwater with corrosion and biofouling         inhibitors as the high density liquid, and the freshwater high         density liquid may possess a density less than ocean water. For         example, the density of ocean water may be 1.035 g/mL while the         density of corrosion and biofouling inhibited freshwater may be         1.01 g/mL. If the lower elevation reservoir is located at an         ocean water depth of 2,500 meters and the high density liquid         higher elevation reservoir is located at sea-level, the         hydrostatic pressure difference between the ocean water and the         high density liquid if the high density liquid comprises         inhibited freshwater with 1.01 g/mL density is equivalent to a         hydraulic head of 62.5 meters. For example, in the present         instance it may be desirable to place the higher elevation high         density liquid reservoir 62.5 meters above sea level if the high         density liquid comprises inhibited freshwater with 1.01 g/mL         density.     -   In some embodiments, placing the high density liquid higher         elevation reservoir at an elevation greater than the elevation         of the ocean surface, or greater than the elevation of the         higher elevation low density liquid reservoir, or a combination         thereof may be employed to increase the system energy density         per cubic meter of energy or electricity stored. By increasing         the elevation of the higher elevation high density liquid         reservoir, the energy density of the system may increase. In         some embodiments, increasing the elevation of the high density         liquid reservoir above sea level may result in the lower         elevation reservoir possessing a hydrostatic pressure inside         greater than the hydrostatic pressure adjacent to the lower         elevation reservoir, which may require the use of a tank         resistant to this hydrostatic pressure difference, which may be         expensive. It may be desirable to develop a system which         benefits from the greater system energy density of a higher         elevation high density liquid reservoir at an elevation greater         than the surface of an ocean or a water body, while also         enabling the lower elevation reservoir to operate at pressure         equilibrium with the adjacent ocean water.

SUMMARY DESCRIPTION

Some embodiments of the present invention may pertain to systems and methods for enabling the use of a high density liquid with a density greater than ocean water while enabling the lower elevation reservoir to remain at or near pressure equilibrium with ocean water or water adjacent to the lower elevation reservoir.

Some embodiments of the present invention may pertain to systems and methods for enabling the use of higher elevation reservoir located above sea level or above the elevation of the surface of a water body while enabling the lower elevation reservoir to remain at or near pressure equilibrium with ocean water or water adjacent to the lower elevation reservoir.

Some embodiments of the present invention may pertain to systems and methods for minimizing corrosion or preventing corrosion. For example, some embodiments of the present invention may relate to employing systems for removing dissolved oxygen from high density liquid, or low density liquid, or both to minimize or practically eliminate corrosion on system equipment due to, for example, the low density liquid, or high density liquid, or both inside the system.

EXAMPLE FIGURE DESCRIPTIONS

FIG. 160: A process for storing energy by displacing a high density liquid with a low density liquid. The present embodiment may comprise a higher elevation reservoir configured for storing low density liquid, or higher elevation reservoir configured for storing low density liquid and high density liquid, or a higher elevation reservoir configured for storing high density liquid, or a pump, or a turbine, or a power recovery or pressure recovery system, or a lower elevation reservoir configured to store high density liquid, or a lower elevation reservoir configured to store low density liquid, or a lower elevation reservoir configured to store low density liquid and high density liquid, or pipes interconnecting one or more components, or sensors, or a pressure equalizer, or a combination thereof. The present embodiment may employ a pressure recovery or power recovery system to, for example, enable the lower elevation reservoir to operate at or near pressure equilibrium with the pressure outside of, or surrounding, or adjacent to said lower elevation reservoir. The lower elevation reservoir may be surrounded by or adjacent to ocean water, water, or air, or a gas, or a solid, or ground, or a combination thereof

-   -   Charging may involve pumping (for example, ‘3’) a low density         liquid from a higher elevation reservoir (for example, ‘1’) to a         lower elevation region, where power from the low density liquid         may be recovered (for example, ‘5’) to displace at least a         portion of a high density liquid in a lower elevation reservoir         (for example, ‘7’) and transfer (for example, ‘10’) the high         density liquid to a higher elevation reservoir (for example, ‘1’         or ‘11’). During charging, pressure recovery may involve         recovering at least a portion of the pressure in excess of the         pressure adjacent to the lower elevation region or lower         elevation reservoir or both from the low density liquid (for         example, ‘4’) and providing or transferring this pressure or         power to the high density liquid (for example, ‘10’). After or         during pressure recovery, the low density liquid may be         transferred (for example, ‘6’) into the lower elevation         reservoir at or near the pressure of the lower elevation         reservoir, or at or near the pressure adjacent to the lower         elevation reservoir, or both. Before or while receiving the         recovered power or pressure from the low density liquid due to         the power or pressure exchanger, a high density liquid may be         removed (for example, ‘9’) from the lower elevation reservoir         (for example, ‘7’). After or while receiving the recovered power         or pressure from the low density liquid due to the power or         pressure exchanger, a high density liquid may be transferred         (for example, ‘10’) from the lower elevation region to a higher         elevation reservoir (for example, either ‘1’ or ‘11’).     -   Discharging may involve allowing a high density liquid from a         higher elevation reservoir (for example, ‘1’ or ‘11’) transfer         to a lower elevation region, where power from the high density         liquid may be recovered (for example, ‘5’) to displace at least         a portion of a low density liquid in a lower elevation reservoir         (for example, ‘7’) and transfer this low density liquid to a         turbine (for example, ‘3’), generating power. During         discharging, pressure recovery may involve recovering at least a         portion of the pressure in excess of the pressure adjacent to         the lower elevation region or lower elevation reservoir or both         from the high density liquid (for example, ‘10’) and providing         or transferring this pressure or power to the low density liquid         (for example, ‘4’). After or during pressure recovery, the high         density liquid may be transferred (for example, ‘9’) into the         lower elevation reservoir at or near the pressure of the lower         elevation reservoir, or at or near the pressure adjacent to the         lower elevation reservoir, or both. Before or while receiving         the recovered power or pressure from the high density liquid due         to the power or pressure exchanger, a low density liquid may be         removed (for example, ‘6’) from the lower elevation reservoir         (for example, ‘7’). After or while receiving the recovered power         or pressure from the high density liquid due to the power or         pressure exchanger, a low density liquid may be transferred (for         example, ‘4’) from the lower elevation region to a turbine in a         higher elevation reservoir (for example, either ‘3’). The         turbine may generate power from the low density liquid before or         while the low density liquid is transferred (for example, ‘2’)         to a higher elevation reservoir (for example, ‘1’).

FIG. 161: The present figure may be the same as FIG. 160, except the present figure may show an embodiment generating energy or ‘discharging’.

FIG. 162: The present figure may be the same as FIG. 160, except the low density liquid higher elevation reservoir may be different than the high density liquid higher elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, the low density liquid higher elevation reservoir may be at about the same elevation as the high density liquid higher elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, the low density liquid higher elevation reservoir may be at a higher elevation than the high density liquid higher elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, the low density liquid higher elevation reservoir may be at a lower elevation than the high density liquid higher elevation reservoir. The present figure may show an embodiment storing energy or ‘charging’.

FIG. 163: The present figure may be the same as FIG. 162, except the present figure may show an embodiment generating energy or ‘discharging’.

FIG. 164: The present figure may be the same as FIG. 162, except the present figure may show an embodiment with a lower elevation reservoir comprising separate a separate reservoir for low density liquid and a separate reservoir for high density liquid. The present figure may show an embodiment storing energy or ‘charging’.

FIG. 165: The present figure may be the same as FIG. 164, except the present figure may show an embodiment generating energy or ‘discharging’.

EXAMPLE FIGURE KEYS

Example Figure Key for FIGS. 160, 161, 162, and 163 Label Description  1 Higher elevation reservoir configured to store low density liquid and / or high density liquid. May comprise one or more storage tanks or storage devices. May be atmospheric pressure, or semi-pressurized, or pressurized, or a combination thereof. May be semi- refrigerated or fully refrigerated, or non-refrigerated, or a combination thereof.  2 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a higher elevation reservoir and a pump.  3 Pump and / or turbine or Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT)  4 Pipe transferring low density liquid between a pump and a power exchanger, or between higher elevation parts and lower elevation parts, or a combination thereof.  5 ‘5’ may comprise a power exchanger or pressure exchanger. ‘5’ may be located in a lower elevation region near a lower elevation reservoir. A power exchanger may be located between a higher elevation region and a lower elevation region. ‘5’ may be designed to transfer pressure or power or both from low density liquid to high density liquid, or from high density liquid to low density liquid, or to a combination thereof. ‘5’ may involve recovering pressure in excess of the hydrostatic pressure of ocean water adjacent to the lower elevation reservoir. Said recovered pressure may be transferred to the opposing liquid, providing said power to the opposing liquid while enabling the lower elevation reservoir to operate at or near pressure equilibrium with the pressure or hydrostatic pressure adjacent to the lower elevation reservoir.  6 A pipe transferring low density liquid between a power exchanger and a lower elevation reservoir.  7 A lower elevation reservoir which may be configured to store both low density liquid and high density liquid.  8 A pressure equalizer, or pressure sensor, or a combination thereof. ‘8’ may enable the liquid inside ‘7’ to be at pressure equilibrium with the pressure or hydrostatic pressure adjacent to ‘7’. ‘8’ may communicate with ‘5’ to ensure ‘5’ is recovering the required pressure to ensure ‘7’ is at or near pressure equilibrium with the with the pressure or hydrostatic pressure adjacent to ‘7’.  9 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a lower elevation reservoir and a power exchanger. 10 A pipe transferring high density liquid between a power exchanger and a higher elevation reservoir. 11 A higher elevation high density liquid reservoir. In some embodiments, ‘11’ may be located at an elevation different than the elevation of the low density liquid higher elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, ‘11’ may be located at an elevation greater than the elevation of the low density liquid higher elevation reservoir. Higher A higher elevation region with an elevation greater Elevation than the elevation of the ‘Lower Elevation’ region and #1 an elevation different than the elevation of the ‘Higher Elevation #2’ region. Higher A higher elevation region with an elevation greater Elevation than the elevation of the ‘Lower Elevation’ region and #2 an elevation different than the elevation of the ‘Higher Elevation #1’ region. Higher Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may comprise higher elevation parts. Lower Label for an adjacent dashed box. Said adjacent dashed Elevation box may comprise lower elevation parts.

Example Pressures in an Example Embodiment

Example Pressures in an Example Embodiment with High Density Liquid with Density Greater than Ocean Water (Reference FIGS. 160 and 161)

-   -   In the present example, the elevation of the ‘Higher Elevation’         region may be about 0 meters above ocean-level, while the         elevation of the lower elevation region may be greater than 2500         meters below ocean-level, creating an elevation difference         between the lower elevation reservoir and the higher elevation         reservoir equal to about 2,500 meters.     -   In the present example, the density of the high density liquid         may be 1.30 g/mL and the high density liquid may comprise an         aqueous solution of calcium chloride.     -   In the present example, the density of the low density liquid         may be 0.573 g/mL and the low density liquid may comprise normal         butane or n-butane.     -   In the present example, the density of ocean water may be 1.035         g/mL     -   Based on the above, the following are example pressures in FIGS.         160 and/or 161 for the present example:         -   The pressure of ‘1’ and ‘2’ may be near atmospheric pressure             or near the vapor pressure of normal butane. For example,             the pressure inside ‘1’ and ‘2’ may be less than or equal to             5 Bar, or 4 Bar, or 3 Bar, or 2 Bar, or 1 Bar, or a             combination thereof.         -   The pressure of ‘4’ may vary with water depth. The pressure             of ‘4’ may increase with water depth, reaching a maximum             pressure near ‘5’ or near or in the ‘lower elevation’             region. Near ‘5’, the pressure of ‘4’ may be equal to or             greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the high density             liquid in ‘10’ when the system is storing power or             ‘charging’, as shown in, for example, FIG. 160. Near ‘5’,             the pressure of ‘4’ may be equal to or less than the             hydrostatic pressure of the high density liquid in ‘10’ when             the system is generating power or ‘discharging’, as shown             in, for example, FIG. 161. The pressure of ‘4’ near ‘5’ may             be less than or equal to or greater than or equal to or both             a pressure of 325 Bar.         -   The pressure of ‘6’ may be about equal to the pressure of             ‘7’ and/or the hydrostatic pressure of ocean water adjacent             to ‘7’. The pressure of ‘6’ may be slightly greater than the             pressure of ‘7’ and/or the hydrostatic pressure of ocean             water adjacent to ‘7’ during storing of energy or             ‘charging’, as shown in, for example, FIG. 160. The pressure             of ‘6’ may be slightly less than the pressure of ‘7’ and/or             the hydrostatic pressure of ocean water adjacent to ‘7’             during generating of energy or ‘discharging’, as shown in,             for example, FIG. 161. The pressure of ‘6’ may be less than             or equal to, or greater than or equal to, or a combination             thereof a pressure of 258.75 Bar.         -   The pressure of ‘7’ may be about the same as the hydrostatic             pressure of ocean water adjacent to ‘7’. The pressure of ‘7’             may be less than or equal to or greater than or equal to or             a combination thereof a pressure of 258.75 Bar.         -   The pressure of ‘8’ may be about the same as the hydrostatic             pressure of ocean water adjacent to ‘8’. The pressure of ‘8’             may be less than or equal to or greater than or equal to or             a combination thereof a pressure of 258.75 Bar.         -   The pressure of ‘9’ may be about equal to the pressure of             ‘7’ and/or the hydrostatic pressure of ocean water adjacent             to ‘7’. The pressure of ‘9’ may be slightly less than the             pressure of ‘7’ and/or the hydrostatic pressure of ocean             water adjacent to ‘7’ during storing of energy or             ‘charging’, as shown in, for example, FIG. 160. The pressure             of ‘9’ may be slightly greater than the pressure of ‘7’             and/or the hydrostatic pressure of ocean water adjacent to             ‘7’ during generating of energy or ‘discharging’, as shown             in, for example, FIG. 161. The pressure of ‘9’ may be less             than or equal to or greater than or equal to or both a             pressure of 258.75 Bar.         -   The pressure of ‘10’ may vary with water depth. The pressure             of ‘10’ may increase with water depth, reaching a maximum             pressure near ‘5’ or near or in the ‘lower elevation’             region. Near ‘5’, the pressure of ‘10’ may be equal to or             less than the pressure of the low density liquid in ‘4’ at             the same elevation when the system is storing power or             ‘charging’, as shown in, for example, FIG. 160. Near ‘5’,             the pressure of ‘10’ may be equal to or greater than the             pressure of the low density liquid in ‘4’ when the system is             generating power or ‘discharging’, as shown in, for example,             FIG. 161. The pressure of ‘10’ near ‘5’ may be less than or             equal to, or greater than or equal to, or a combination             thereof a pressure of 325 Bar.         -   The pressure of ocean water adjacent to the ‘lower             elevation’ region may be at a pressure of about 258.75 Bar.         -   The power recovery or pressure recovery process (‘5’) may             recover pressure in excess of the hydrostatic pressure             adjacent to or outside the lower elevation region in one             liquid stream (e.g. ‘4’ or ‘10’) and transfer this power or             pressure to the other liquid stream (e.g. ‘10’ or ‘4’).             -   For example, the pressure of the low density liquid in                 ‘4’ near ‘5’ may be greater than 325 Bar during                 charging. ‘5’ may recover pressure or power of greater                 than or equal to 66.25 Bar from ‘4’ and transfer said                 recovered pressure or power to ‘10’. After pressure                 recovery, the low density liquid (‘6’) may be                 transferred into the lower elevation reservoir at a                 pressure near the pressure of the lower elevation                 reservoir and/or the hydrostatic pressure of ocean water                 adjacent to the lower elevation reservoir, or at a                 pressure of about 258.75 Bar.             -   In some embodiments, a pressure exchanger or power                 exchanger enables the lower elevation reservoir to                 operate at equilibrium with the pressure surrounding or                 adjacent to the lower elevation reservoir, regardless of                 the densities of the lower density liquid and/or higher                 density liquid.

Example Pressures in an Example Embodiment with High Density Liquid Higher Elevation Reservoir at Elevation Greater than Sea-Level, or at an Elevation Greater than the Low Density Liquid Higher Elevation Reservoir, or a Combination Thereof (Reference FIGS. 162 and 163)

-   -   In the present example, the elevation of ‘Higher Elevation #1’         region may be about 0 meters above ocean-level.     -   In the present example, the elevation of ‘Higher Elevation #2’         region may be about 300 meters above ocean-level.     -   In the present example, the elevation of the lower elevation         region may be 2500 meters below ocean-level     -   In the present example, the density of the high density liquid         may be 1.035 g/mL and the high density liquid may comprise an         aqueous solution of calcium chloride.     -   In the present example, the density of the low density liquid         may be 0.573 g/mL and the low density liquid may comprise normal         butane or n-butane.     -   In the present example, the density of ocean water may be 1.035         g/mL     -   Based on the above, the following are example pressures in FIGS.         162 and/or 163 for the present example:         -   The pressure of ‘1’, or ‘2’, or ‘11’, or a combination             thereof may be near atmospheric pressure or near the vapor             pressure of normal butane. For example, the pressure inside             ‘1’ and ‘2’ may be less than or equal to 5 Bar, or 4 Bar, or             3 Bar, or 2 Bar, or 1 Bar, or a combination thereof.         -   The pressure of ‘4’ may vary with water depth. The pressure             of ‘4’ may increase with water depth, reaching a maximum             pressure near ‘5’ or near or in the ‘lower elevation’             region. Near ‘5’, the pressure of ‘4’ may be equal to or             greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the high density             liquid in ‘10’ when the system is storing power or             ‘charging’, as shown in, for example, FIG. 162. Near ‘5’,             the pressure of ‘4’ may be equal to or less than the             hydrostatic pressure of the high density liquid in ‘10’ when             the system is generating power or ‘discharging’, as shown             in, for example, FIG. 163. The pressure of ‘4’ near ‘5’ may             be less than or equal to or greater than or equal to or both             a pressure of 289.8 Bar.         -   The pressure of ‘6’ may be about equal to the pressure of             ‘7’ and/or the hydrostatic pressure of ocean water adjacent             to ‘7’. The pressure of ‘6’ may be slightly greater than the             pressure of ‘7’ and/or the hydrostatic pressure of ocean             water adjacent to ‘7’ during storing of energy or             ‘charging’, as shown in, for example, FIG. 162. The pressure             of ‘6’ may be slightly less than the pressure of ‘7’ and/or             the hydrostatic pressure of ocean water adjacent to ‘7’             during generating of energy or ‘discharging’, as shown in,             for example, FIG. 163. The pressure of ‘6’ may be less than             or equal to, or greater than or equal to, or a combination             thereof a pressure of 258.75 Bar.         -   The pressure of ‘7’ may be about the same as the hydrostatic             pressure of ocean water adjacent to ‘7’. The pressure of ‘7’             may be less than or equal to or greater than or equal to or             a combination thereof a pressure of 258.75 Bar.         -   The pressure of ‘8’ may be about the same as the hydrostatic             pressure of ocean water adjacent to ‘8’. The pressure of ‘8’             may be less than or equal to or greater than or equal to or             a combination thereof a pressure of 258.75 Bar.         -   The pressure of ‘9’ may be about equal to the pressure of             ‘7’ and/or the hydrostatic pressure of ocean water adjacent             to ‘7’. The pressure of ‘9’ may be slightly less than the             pressure of ‘7’ and/or the hydrostatic pressure of ocean             water adjacent to ‘7’ during storing of energy or             ‘charging’, as shown in, for example, FIG. 162.         -   The pressure of ‘9’ may be slightly greater than the             pressure of ‘7’ and/or the hydrostatic pressure of ocean             water adjacent to ‘7’ during generating of energy or             ‘discharging’, as shown in, for example, FIG. 163. The             pressure of ‘9’ may be less than or equal to or greater than             or equal to or both a pressure of 258.75 Bar.         -   The pressure of ‘10’ may vary with water depth. The pressure             of ‘10’ may increase with water depth, reaching a maximum             pressure near ‘5’ or near or in the ‘lower elevation’             region. Near ‘5’, the pressure of ‘10’ may be equal to or             less than the pressure of the low density liquid in ‘4’ at             the same elevation when the system is storing power or             ‘charging’, as shown in, for example, FIG. 162. Near ‘5’,             the pressure of ‘10’ may be equal to or greater than the             pressure of the low density liquid in ‘4’ when the system is             generating power or ‘discharging’, as shown in, for example,             FIG. 163. The pressure of ‘10’ near ‘5’ may be less than or             equal to, or greater than or equal to, or a combination             thereof a pressure of 289.8 Bar.         -   The pressure of ocean water adjacent to the ‘lower             elevation’ region may be at a pressure of about 258.75 Bar.         -   The power recovery or pressure recovery process (‘5’) may             recover pressure in excess of the hydrostatic pressure             adjacent to or outside the lower elevation region in one             liquid stream (e.g. ‘4’ or ‘10’) and transfer this power or             pressure to the other liquid stream (e.g. ‘10’ or ‘4’).             -   For example, the pressure of the low density liquid in                 ‘4’ near ‘5’ may be greater than 289.8 Bar during                 charging. ‘5’ may recover pressure or power of greater                 than or equal to 31.05 Bar from ‘4’ and transfer said                 recovered pressure or power to ‘10’. After pressure                 recovery, the low density liquid (‘6’) may be                 transferred into the lower elevation reservoir at a                 pressure near the pressure of the lower elevation                 reservoir and/or the hydrostatic pressure of ocean water                 adjacent to the lower elevation reservoir, or at a                 pressure of about 258.75 Bar.             -   In some embodiments, a pressure exchanger or power                 exchanger enables the lower elevation reservoir to                 operate at equilibrium with the pressure surrounding or                 adjacent to the lower elevation reservoir, regardless of                 the of the hydrostatic pressure of the higher density                 liquid, or the hydrostatic pressure of the lower density                 liquid, or both.

EXAMPLE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

1. A system for storing and generating power comprising:

a first storage reservoir near the surface of a body of water and configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water;

a second storage reservoir located below the surface of the body of water and configured to store a fluid which has a higher density than water;

a pump; and

a generator;

wherein the pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected such that power is stored by displacing the fluid which has a higher density than water in the second storage reservoir by pumping the fluid which has a lower density than water in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir and power is generated or discharged by allowing the fluid which has a lower density than water in the second storage reservoir to return to the first storage reservoir; and

wherein the fluid which has a higher density than water is in liquid form.

2. The system of embodiment 1 wherein the fluid which has a lower density than water is in liquid form. 3. The system of embodiment 1 wherein the elevation of the first reservoir is above the elevation of the second reservoir. 4. The system of embodiment 1 further comprising a third reservoir configured to store the liquid which has a higher density than water near the surface of the water body. 5. The system of embodiment 4 wherein said third reservoir is substantially at the same elevation as the second reservoir. 6. The system of embodiment 4 wherein the fluid which has a higher density than water is displaced from the second reservoir during storing of power is transferred to and stored in said third reservoir. 7. The system of embodiment 4 wherein the fluid which has a higher density than water is displaced from the second reservoir during storing of power is transferred to and stored in said third reservoir. 8. The system of embodiment 1 wherein said fluid which has a higher density than water comprises brine, or reverse osmosis discharge brine, or sodium chloride, or sea salt, or calcium chloride, or magnesium chloride, or potassium formate, or magnesium sulfate, or calcium bromide, or sodium bromide, or potassium acetate, or sodium formate, or calcium nitrate, or sodium nitrate, or sodium sulfite, or potassium sulfite, or sodium bisulfite, or potassium bisulfite, or magnesium sulfite, or magnesium bisulfite, or calcium bisulfite, or corn syrup, or glycerin, or propylene glycol, or ethylene glycol, or propylene carbonate, or any combination thereof. 9. The system of embodiment 1 wherein said fluid which has a higher density than water comprises a halogenated hydrocarbon, or a fluorocarbon, or an organic acid, or an inorganic acid, or carbon dioxide, or sulfur dioxide, or a nitrogen oxide, or any combination thereof. 10. The system of embodiment 1 wherein said fluid which has a lower density than water comprises a hydrocarbon. 11. The system of embodiment 1 wherein said fluid which has a lower density than water comprises air. 12. The system of embodiment 1 wherein the density of said fluid which has a higher density than water is greater than 1.02 kilograms per liter at 20° C. 13. The system of embodiment 1 wherein the density of said fluid which has a higher density than water is greater than 1.05 kilograms per liter at 20° C. 14. The system of embodiment 1 wherein the pressure inside the second reservoir and the pressure of the adjacent body of water differ by from about 0 bar to about 10 bar. 15. The system of embodiment 1 further comprising a pressure exchanger. 16. The system of embodiment 15 wherein said pressure exchanger is located near the second reservoir. 17. The system of embodiment 15 wherein during storing of power, the pressure exchanger extracts pressure from the liquid which has a lower density than water and transfers the extracted pressure to the liquid which has a higher density than water. 18. The system of embodiment 15 wherein during storing of power, the pressure exchanger extracts pressure from the liquid which has a higher density than water and transfers the extracted pressure to the liquid which has a lower density than water. 19. The system of embodiment 17 wherein said pressure extraction occurs (1) while the liquid which has a lower density than water is being transferred to the second reservoir or (2) prior to transfer or (3) both (1) and (2). 20. The system of embodiment 18 wherein said pressure extraction occurs (1) while the liquid which has a higher density than water is being transferred to the second reservoir or (2) prior to transfer or (3) both (1) and (2). 21. The system of embodiment 17 wherein the pressure exchanger extracts pressure less than or equal to the pressure of the liquid which has a lower density than water near the second reservoir minus the hydrostatic pressure of the body of water at the elevation of the second reservoir. 22. The system of embodiment 18 wherein the pressure exchanger extracts pressure less than or equal to the pressure of the liquid which has a higher density than water near the second reservoir minus the hydrostatic pressure of the body of water at the elevation of the second reservoir. 23. The system of embodiment 15 wherein the pressure exchanger enables the use of a liquid with a higher density than the density of the liquid in the body of water while enabling the second reservoir to be at pressure equilibrium with the body of water at the same elevation as the second reservoir. 24. The system of embodiment 15 wherein the pressure exchanger comprises a hydraulic pressure exchanger. 25. The system of embodiment 15 wherein the pressure exchanger adjusts pressure extraction to ensure the pressure of fluid inside the second reservoir differs from the hydrostatic pressure of the body of water at the same elevation as the second reservoir by less than a tolerance pressure. 26. The system of embodiment 25 wherein the second reservoir contains an internal pressure sensor and an external pressure sensor;

-   -   wherein the internal pressure sensor measures the pressure of         fluids inside the second reservoir; and     -   wherein the external pressure sensor measures the pressure of         the body of water adjacent to the second reservoir; and     -   wherein the internal pressure sensor and the external pressure         sensor are configured to communicate with the pressure         exchanger.         27. The system of embodiment 25 wherein said tolerance pressure         is less than about 10 atm.         28. The system of embodiment 15 wherein the pressure exchanger         is a hydraulic pressure exchanger.         29. The system of embodiment 15 wherein the pressure exchanger         is a pump, or turbine, or rotary turbine, or any combination         thereof.         30. A process for storing and generating power comprising:

operatively connecting a pump, a generator, a first storage reservoir near the surface of a body of water, and a second storage reservoir located below the surface of the body of water; wherein the first storage reservoir is configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water and wherein the second storage reservoir is configured to store a fluid which has a higher density than water;

storing power by displacing the fluid which has a higher density than water in the second storage reservoir by pumping the fluid which has a lower density than water in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir; and

generating or discharging power by allowing the fluid which has a lower density than water in the second storage reservoir to return to the first storage reservoir;

wherein the fluid which has a higher density than water is in liquid form.

Wherein the high density liquid possesses a density greater than 1.035 g/mL

subsea power recovery or power recovery near the lower elevation reservoir to enable the use of a liquid with a higher density than ocean water while enabling the subsea reservoir to be at pressure equilibrium with the ocean water

Pressure equalizer and pressure equalizer tank, wherein fluid is added to the lower elevation reservoir if the pressure in the reservoir is less than the surrounding pressure and fluid is removed from the lower elevation reservoir if the pressure in the reservoir is greater than the surrounding pressure

Refrigeration or cooling or thermal management of low density liquid

Wherein low density liquid and high density liquid are stored in the same higher elevation tank

Wherein low density liquid and high density liquid are stored in different higher elevation tanks

Wherein the higher elevation reservoir is pressurized

Wherein the higher elevation reservoir is maintained below a certain pressure by maintaining below a certain temperature using thermal management

Notes

-   -   Note: A pressure equalizer may be connected to or attached to or         both a tank, or a pipe, or a valve, or a fitting, or a         connector, or a combination thereof.     -   Note: A power exchanger, or pressure exchanger, or energy         recovery system, or PX pressure exchanger may comprise a similar         system to systems employed for hydraulic power or energy         recovery in reverse osmosis systems in the art. The terms ‘Power         exchanger’, or ‘pressure exchanger’, or ‘energy recovery         system’, or ‘PX pressure exchanger’ may be used interchangeably.     -   Note: A high density liquid may include, but is not limited to,         liquids with a density greater than or equal to the density of         water.     -   Note: Aqueous salt solutions may be employed under conditions to         minimize or eliminate corrosion. For example, corrosion may be         inhibited by sacrificial anodes. For example, some embodiments         may comprise ‘closed systems’ which may enable adjustments to         composition and/or the creation of environments to minimize         corrosion. For example, a salt solution may be deoxygenated by         oxygen scavengers, such as sulfites, or nitrites, or bisulfites,         or organic acids, or antioxidants. For example, a salt solution         may be deoxygenated by a non-diatomic oxygen gas, such as         nitrogen. For example, a salt solution may be deoxygenated by         reaction of dissolved oxygen with a fuel, such as hydrogen or         methane. For example, a brine solution may be deoxygenated by a         catalytic deoxygenation process. For example, a brine solution         may be deoxygenated by a catalytic deoxygenation process involve         dissolving hydrogen gas than reacting dissolved oxygen with the         dissolved hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, such as a         palladium catalyst, to form water and eliminate at least a         portion of the dissolved diatomic oxygen. Corrosion may be         significantly inhibited or practically eliminated deoxygenating         the salt solution employed in a closed system. Dissolved oxygen         levels may be monitored and dissolved oxygen may be removed if         the concentration of dissolved oxygen increases or increases         beyond a design threshold or defined concentration.     -   Note: In some embodiments, a higher density liquid may comprise         a halogenated hydrocarbon or a fluorocarbon liquid.     -   Note: Some embodiments of the present invention may involve a         high density liquid with a density greater than ocean water and         a higher elevation high density liquid reservoir with an         elevation greater than the elevation of the surface of the         ocean.     -   Note: In some embodiments, both the low density liquid and high         density liquid higher elevation reservoirs may be at about the         same or at a similar elevation and/or may be both at an         elevation greater than ocean surface. In some embodiments, the         low density liquid and high density liquid higher elevation         reservoirs may be at different elevations and/or may be both at         an elevation greater than ocean surface. In some embodiments,         the low density liquid and high density liquid higher elevation         reservoirs may be at different elevations and/or the low density         liquid higher elevation reservoir may be located at a higher         elevation than the elevation of the high density liquid higher         elevation reservoir. In some embodiments, the low density liquid         and high density liquid higher elevation reservoirs may be at         different elevations and/or the low density liquid higher         elevation reservoir may be located at a lower elevation than the         elevation of the high density liquid higher elevation reservoir.     -   Note: The concentration of a reagent in a brine may be adjusted.         For example, the concentration of a reagent in a solution, such         as a brine, may be adjusted if the temperature of the brine         changes, or the solubility of the brine changes, or the         viscosity of the brine changes, or a combination thereof.     -   Note: Some high density liquids are more desirable than others         and some high density liquids may be mixed with others. Example         high density liquids with a density greater than water, or a         density greater than ocean water, or both may include, but are         not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following:         water, or brine, or sodium chloride, or sea salt, or reverse         osmosis brine, or concentrate, or retentate, or calcium         chloride, or magnesium chloride, or potassium formate, or         magnesium sulfate, or calcium bromide, or sodium bromide, or         potassium acetate, or sodium formate, or calcium nitrate, or         sodium nitrate, or magnesium chloride, or magnesium sulfite, or         sodium sulfite, or sodium bisulfite, or potassium sulfite, or         potassium bisulfite, or calcium bisulfite, or magnesium         bisulfite, or sulfur dioxide, or calcium nitrite, or magnesium         nitrite, or sodium nitrite, or potassium nitrite, or carboxylic         acids, or salts of carboxylic acids, or acetic acid, or citric         acid, or corn syrup, or corn syrup, or glycerin, or organic         reagents with a density greater than water, or sugar, or         sucrose, or dextrose, or sugar alcohols, or polyols, or ethylene         glycol, or propylene glycol, or propylene carbonate, or         insoluble organic reagents, or soluble organic reagents, or         fluorocarbons, or halogenated hydrocarbons, or perfluorocarbons,         or inorganic compounds, or liquid sulfur dioxide, or liquid         carbon dioxide, or dinitrogen tetroxide, or dinitrogen         pentoxide, or sulfur trioxide, or nitrous oxide, or organic         acids, or inorganic acids, or molten sulfur, or liquid sulfur,         or refrigerants, or bromine, or chloride, or iodine, or halogen,         or formic acid, or chlorine dioxide, or hydrogen peroxide, or         organic acids, or inorganic acids, or organic bases, or         inorganic bases, or 1,2-Dibromoethane, or cis-1,2-Dibromoethene,         or trans-1,2-Dibromoethene, or Dibromomethane, or Bromal, or         Bromoform, or 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane (Muthmanns solution), or         Sodium polytungstate, or Bromine, or Thoulets solution, or         Diiodomethane, or Indiumiodide, or Bariummercuriciodide, or         Thallium formate+Thallium malonate (Clerici solution), or         Galinstan (Gallium/Indium/Tin alloy), or Mercury, or Cesium         Formate, or lead, or mercury, or gallium, or liquid metal, or         nanoparticles, or dispersed nanoparticles, or suspended         nanoparticles, or iron, or gold, or nickel, or tungsten, or         sulfur dioxide+carbon dioxide, or refrigerant mixtures, or         sulfurous acid, or nitrous acid, or an ionic compound, or an         organic compound, or a chemical comprising carbon, or an         element, or a chemical with a density greater than the density         of a low density liquid, or a chemical with a density greater         than the density of water, or a chemical     -   Note: Pressure exchangers or power exchangers may extract power         or pressure from a fluid, such as a liquid, or a gas, or a         supercritical fluid, or liquid-solid mixtures, or gas-liquid         mixtures, or a combination thereof. Pressure exchangers or power         exchangers may extract power or pressure from a fluid transfer         said extracted power or pressure to another fluid. Example         pressure exchangers or power exchangers may include, but are not         limited to, one or more or a combination of the following:         rotary pressure exchangers, or hydraulic pressure exchangers, or         pneumatic pressure exchangers, or pressure exchangers employed         in the art for reverse osmosis systems, or hydraulic turbine, or         hydraulic turbocharger, or hydraulic impeller, or mechanical         exchanger, or hydraulic exchanger, or electrical exchanger, or         displacement exchanger, or turbine nozzle, or diffuser, or         booster pump, or Ultra PX, or ultra high pressure hydraulic         energy recovery, or energy recovery device, or high efficiency         pressure exchanger, mixed fluid pressure exchangers, pressure         exchangers known in the art for desalination systems, pressure         exchangers known in the art for refining and petrochemical         systems     -   Note: Mechanical pressure exchangers can be significantly more         energy efficient than, for example, generators. For example,         pressure exchangers employed in the art in reverse osmosis have         shown energy efficiencies or pressure exchanging efficiency of         up to 98% or 99%.     -   Note: Some embodiments may involve one or more pressure sensors.         Internal pressure sensors may comprise pressure sensors which         measure the pressure of a fluid inside at least a portion of the         energy storage process. External pressure sensors may comprise         pressure sensors which measure the pressure of a fluid or         material outside or external to at least a portion of the energy         storage system or process. It may be desirable for an external         pressure sensor to measure the pressure of an external fluid or         material to determine the pressure of said fluid or material         acting on at least one surface of the energy storage system or         process.     -   Note: The elevation difference between the first reservoir and         the second reservoir is less than, or greater than, or equal to,         one or more or a combination of the following: 50 meters, or 100         meters, or 150 meters, or 200 meters, or 250 meters, or 300         meters, or 350 meters, or 400 meters, or 450 meters, or 500         meters, or 550 meters, or 600 meters, or 650 meters, or 700         meters, or 750 meters, or 800 meters, or 850 meters, or 900         meters, or 950 meters, or 1,000 meters, or 1,050 meters, or         1,100 meters, or 1,150 meters, or 1,200 meters, or 1,250 meters,         or 1,300 meters, 1,350 meters, or 1,400 meters, or 1,450 meters,         or 1,500 meters, or 1,550 meters, or 1,600 meters, or 1,650         meters, or 1,700 meters, or 1,750 meters, or 1,800 meters, or         1,850 meters, or 1,900 meters, or 1,950 meters, or 2,000 meters,         or 2,050 meters, or 2,100 meters, or 2,150 meters, or 2,200         meters, or 2,250 meters, or 2,300 meters, or 2,350 meters, or         2,400 meters, or 2,450 meters, or 2,500 meters, or 2,550 meters,         or 2,600 meters, or 2,650 meters, or 2,700 meters, or 2,750         meters, or 2,800 meters, or 2,850 meters, or 2,900 meters, or         2,950 meters, or 3,000 meters, or 3,100 meters, or 3,200 meters,         or 3,300 meters, or 3,400 meters, or 3,500 meters, or 3,600         meters, or 3,700 meters, or 3,800 meters, or 3,900 meters, or         4,000 meters, or 4,100 meters, or 4,200 meters, or 4,300 meters,         or 4,400 meters, or 4,500 meters, or 4,600 meters, or 4,700         meters, or 4,800 meters, or 4,900 meters, or 5,000 meters, or         5,500 meters, or 6,000 meters, or 6,500 meters, or 7,000 meters,         or 7,500 meters, or 8,000 meters, or 8,500 meters, or 9,000         meters, or 9,500 meters, or 10,000 meters, or 10,500 meters, or         11,000 meters, or 11,500 meters, or 12,000 meters, or 12,500         meters, or 13,000 meters, or 13,500 meters     -   Note: Elevation difference between the third reservoir and the         second reservoir is less than, or greater than, or equal to, one         or more or a combination of the following: 50 meters, or 100         meters, or 150 meters, or 200 meters, or 250 meters, or 300         meters, or 350 meters, or 400 meters, or 450 meters, or 500         meters, or 550 meters, or 600 meters, or 650 meters, or 700         meters, or 750 meters, or 800 meters, or 850 meters, or 900         meters, or 950 meters, or 1,000 meters, or 1,050 meters, or         1,100 meters, or 1,150 meters, or 1,200 meters, or 1,250 meters,         or 1,300 meters, 1,350 meters, or 1,400 meters, or 1,450 meters,         or 1,500 meters, or 1,550 meters, or 1,600 meters, or 1,650         meters, or 1,700 meters, or 1,750 meters, or 1,800 meters, or         1,850 meters, or 1,900 meters, or 1,950 meters, or 2,000 meters,         or 2,050 meters, or 2,100 meters, or 2,150 meters, or 2,200         meters, or 2,250 meters, or 2,300 meters, or 2,350 meters, or         2,400 meters, or 2,450 meters, or 2,500 meters, or 2,550 meters,         or 2,600 meters, or 2,650 meters, or 2,700 meters, or 2,750         meters, or 2,800 meters, or 2,850 meters, or 2,900 meters, or         2,950 meters, or 3,000 meters, or 3,100 meters, or 3,200 meters,         or 3,300 meters, or 3,400 meters, or 3,500 meters, or 3,600         meters, or 3,700 meters, or 3,800 meters, or 3,900 meters, or         4,000 meters, or 4,100 meters, or 4,200 meters, or 4,300 meters,         or 4,400 meters, or 4,500 meters, or 4,600 meters, or 4,700         meters, or 4,800 meters, or 4,900 meters, or 5,000 meters, or         5,500 meters, or 6,000 meters, or 6,500 meters, or 7,000 meters,         or 7,500 meters, or 8,000 meters, or 8,500 meters, or 9,000         meters, or 9,500 meters, or 10,000 meters, or 10,500 meters, or         11,000 meters, or 11,500 meters, or 12,000 meters, or 12,500         meters, or 13,000 meters, or 13,500 meters     -   Note: The elevation difference between two reservoirs is less         than, or greater than, or equal to, one or more or a combination         of the following: 50 meters, or 100 meters, or 150 meters, or         200 meters, or 250 meters, or 300 meters, or 350 meters, or 400         meters, or 450 meters, or 500 meters, or 550 meters, or 600         meters, or 650 meters, or 700 meters, or 750 meters, or 800         meters, or 850 meters, or 900 meters, or 950 meters, or 1,000         meters, or 1,050 meters, or 1,100 meters, or 1,150 meters, or         1,200 meters, or 1,250 meters, or 1,300 meters, 1,350 meters, or         1,400 meters, or 1,450 meters, or 1,500 meters, or 1,550 meters,         or 1,600 meters, or 1,650 meters, or 1,700 meters, or 1,750         meters, or 1,800 meters, or 1,850 meters, or 1,900 meters, or         1,950 meters, or 2,000 meters, or 2,050 meters, or 2,100 meters,         or 2,150 meters, or 2,200 meters, or 2,250 meters, or 2,300         meters, or 2,350 meters, or 2,400 meters, or 2,450 meters, or         2,500 meters, or 2,550 meters, or 2,600 meters, or 2,650 meters,         or 2,700 meters, or 2,750 meters, or 2,800 meters, or 2,850         meters, or 2,900 meters, or 2,950 meters, or 3,000 meters, or         3,100 meters, or 3,200 meters, or 3,300 meters, or 3,400 meters,         or 3,500 meters, or 3,600 meters, or 3,700 meters, or 3,800         meters, or 3,900 meters, or 4,000 meters, or 4,100 meters, or         4,200 meters, or 4,300 meters, or 4,400 meters, or 4,500 meters,         or 4,600 meters, or 4,700 meters, or 4,800 meters, or 4,900         meters, or 5,000 meters, or 5,500 meters, or 6,000 meters, or         6,500 meters, or 7,000 meters, or 7,500 meters, or 8,000 meters,         or 8,500 meters, or 9,000 meters, or 9,500 meters, or 10,000         meters, or 10,500 meters, or 11,000 meters, or 11,500 meters, or         12,000 meters, or 12,500 meters, or 13,000 meters, or 13,500         meters     -   Note: The viscosity of a liquid may be less than, or greater         than, or equal to, including, but not limited to, one or more or         a combination of the following: 0.1 cP, or 0.5 cP, or 1 cP, or         1.5 cP, or 2 cP, or 2.5 cP, or 3 cP, or 3.5 cP, or 4 cP, or 4.5         cP, or 5 cP, or 5.5 cP, or 6 cP, or 6.5 cP, or 7 cP, or 7.5 cP,         or 8 cP, or 8.5 cP, or 9 cP, or 9.5 cP, or 10 cP, or 11 cP, or         12 cP, or 13 cP, or 14 cP, or 15 cP, or 16 cP, or 17 cP, or 18         cP, or 19 cP, or 20 cP, or 21 cP, or 22 cP, or 23 cP, or 24 cP,         or 25 cP, or 26 cP, or 27 cP, or 28 cP, or 29 cP, or 30 cP, or         31 cP, or 32 cP, or 33 cP, or 34 cP, or 35 cP, or 36 cP, or 37         cP, or 38 cP, or 39 cP, or 40 cP, or 41 cP, or 42 cP, or 43 cP,         or 44 cP, or 45 cP, or 46 cP, or 47 cP, or 48 cP, or 49 cP, or         50 cP, or 55 cP, or 60 cP, or 65 cP, or 70 cP, or 75 cP, or 80         cP, or 85 cP, or 90 cP, or 95 cP, or 100 cP, or 105 cP, or 110         cP, or 115 cP, or 120 cP, or 125 cP, or 130 cP, or 135 cP, or         140 cP, or 145 cP, or 150 cP, or 155 cP, or 160 cP, or 165 cP,         or 170 cP, or 175 cP, or 180 cP, or 185 cP, or 190 cP, or 195         cP, or 200 cP, or 205 cP, or 210 cP, or 215 cP, or 220 cP, or         225 cP, or 230 cP, or 235 cP, or 240 cP, or 245 cP, or 250 cP,         or 255 cP, or 260 cP, or 265 cP, or 270 cP, or 275 cP, or 280         cP, or 285 cP, or 290 cP, or 295 cP, or 300 cP, or 305 cP, or         310 cP, or 315 cP, or 320 cP, or 325 cP, or 330 cP, or 335 cP,         or 340 cP, or 345 cP, or 350 cP, or 355 cP, or 360 cP, or 365         cP, or 370 cP, or 375 cP, or 380 cP, or 385 cP, or 390 cP, or         395 cP, or 400 cP, or 405 cP, or 410 cP, or 415 cP, or 420 cP,         or 425 cP, or 430 cP, or 435 cP, or 440 cP, or 445 cP, or 450         cP, or 455 cP, or 460 cP, or 465 cP, or 470 cP, or 475 cP, or         480 cP, or 485 cP, or 490 cP, or 495 cP, or 500 cP, or 550 cP,         or 600 cP, or 650 cP, or 700 cP, or 750 cP, or 800 cP, or 850         cP, or 900 cP, or 950 cP, or 1,000 cP, or 1,250 cP, or 1,500 cP,         or 1,750 cP, or 2,000 cP, or 2,250 cP, or 2,500 cP, or 2,750 cP,         or 3,000 cP, or 3,250 cP, or 3,500 cP, or 3,750 cP, or 4,000 cP,         or 4,250 cP, or 4,500 cP, or 4,750 cP, or 5,000 cP, or 5,250 cP,         or 5,500 cP, or 5,750 cP, or 6,000 cP, or 6,250 cP, or 6,500 cP,         or 6,750 cP, or 7,000 cP, or 7,250 cP, or 7,500 cP, or 7,750 cP,         or 8000 cP, or 8,250 cP, or 8,500 cP, or 8,750 cP, or 9,000 cP,         or 9,250 cP, or 9,500 cP, or 9,750 cP or 10,000 cP     -   Note: The temperature of the high density liquid, or the low         density liquid, or the thermal storage medium, or any         combination thereof may be less than, or greater than, or equal         to one or more or a combination of the following: −100° C., or         −90° C., or −80° C., or −70° C., −60° C., or −50° C., or −45°         C., or −40° C., or −35° C., or −30° C., or −25° C., or −20° C.,         or −19° C., or −18° C., or −17° C., or −16° C., or −15° C., or         −15° C., or −14° C., or −13° C., −12° C., or −11° C., or −10°         C., or −9° C., or −8° C., or −7° C., or −6° C., or −5° C., or         −4° C., or −3° C. or −2° C., or −1° C., or 0° C., or 1° C., or         2° C., or 3° C., or 4° C., or 5° C., or 6° C., or 7° C., or 8°         C., or 9° C., or 10° C., or 11° C., or 12° C., or 13° C., or 14°         C., or 15° C., or 16° C., or 17° C., or 18° C., or 19° C., or         20° C., or 21° C., or 22° C., or 23° C., or 24° C., or 25° C.,         or 26° C., or 27° C., or 28° C., or 29° C., or 30° C., or 31°         C., or 32° C., or 33° C., or 34° C., or 35° C., or 36° C., or         37° C., or 38° C., or 39° C., or 40° C., or 41° C., or 42° C.,         or 43° C., or 44° C., or 45° C., or 46° C., or 47° C., or 48°         C., or 49° C., or 50° C., or 51° C., or 52° C., or 53° C., or         54° C., or 55° C., or 56° C., or 57° C., or 58° C., or 59° C.,         or 60° C., or 61° C., or 62° C., or 63° C., or 64° C., or 65°         C., or 66° C., or 67° C., or 68° C., or 69° C., or 70° C., or         71° C., or 72° C., or 73° C., or 74° C., or 75° C., or 76° C.,         or 77° C., or 78° C., or 79° C., or 80° C., or 81° C., or 82°         C., or 83° C., or 84° C., or 85° C., or 86° C., or 87° C., or         88, or 89° C., or 90° C., or 91° C., or 92° C., or 93° C., or         94° C., or 95° C., or 96° C., or 97° C., or 98° C., or 99° C.,         or 100° C., or 110° C., or 120° C., or 130° C., or 140° C., or         150° C., or 160° C., or 170° C., or 180° C., or 190° C., or 200°         C., or 210° C., or 220° C., or 230° C., or 240° C., or 250° C.,         or 260° C., or 270° C., or 280° C., or 290° C., or 300° C., or         310° C., or 320° C., or 330° C., or 340° C., or 350° C., or 360°         C., or 370° C., or 380° C., or 390° C., or 400° C., or 410° C.,         or 420° C., or 430° C., or 440° C., or 450° C., or 460° C., or         470° C., or 480° C., or 490° C., or 500° C., or 550° C., or 600°         C., or 700° C., or 800° C., or 900° C., or 1000° C.     -   Note: The weight percent concentration of the high density         liquid in the low density liquid may be less than, or greater         than, or equal to one or more or a combination of the following:         0.0001%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 1.5%, or 2%, or 2.5%, or 3%, or         3.5%, or 4%, or 4.5%, or 5%, or 5.5%, or 6%, or 6.5%, or 7%, or         7.5%, or 8%, or 8.5%, or 9%, or 9.5%, or 10%, or 10.5%, or 11%,         or 11.5%, or 12%, or 12.5%, or 13%, or 13.5%, or 14%, or 14.5%,         or 15%, or 15.5%, or 16%, or 16.5%, or 17%, or 17.5%, or 18%, or         18.5%, or 19%, or 19.5%, or 20%, or 20.5%, or 21%, or 21.5%, or         22%, or 22.5%, or 23%, or 23.5%, or 24%, or 24.5%, or 25%, or         25.5%, or 26%, or 26.5%, or 27%, or 27.5%, or 28%, or 28.5%, or         29%, or 29.5%, or 30%, or 30.5%, or 31%, or 31.5%, or 32%, or         32.5%, or 33%, or 33.5%, or 34%, or 34.5%, or 35%, or 35.5%, or         36%, or 36.5%, or 37%, or 37.5%, or 38%, or 38.5%, or 39%, or         39.5%, or 40%, or 40.5%, or 41%, or 41.5%, or 42%, or 42.5%, or         43%, or 43.5%, or 44%, or 44.5%, or 45%, or 45.5%, or 46%, or         46.5%, or 47%, or 47.5%, or 48%, or 48.5%, or 49%, or 49.5%, or         50%, or 50.5%, or 51%, or 51.5%, or 52%, or 52.5%, or 53%, or         53.5%, or 54%, or 54.5%, or 55%, or 55.5%, or 56%, or 56.5%, or         57%, or 57.5%, or 58%, or 58.5%, or 59%, or 59.5%, or 60%, or         60.5%, or 61%, or 61.5%, or 62%, or 62.5%, or 63%, or 63.5%, or         64%, or 64.5%, or 65%, or 65.5%, or 66%, or 66.5%, or 67%, or         67.5%, or 68%, or 68.5%, or 69%, or 69.5%, or 70%, or 70.5%, or         71%, or 71.5%, or 72%, or 72.5%, or 73%, or 73.5%, or 74%, or         74.5%, or 75%, or 75.5%, or 76%, or 76.5%, or 77%, or 77.5%, or         78%, or 78.5%, or 79%, or 79.5%, or 80%, or 80.5%, or 81%, or         81.5%, or 82%, or 82.5%, or 83%, or 83.5%, or 84%, or 84.5%, or         85%, or 85.5%, or 86%, or 86.5%, or 87%, or 87.5%, or 88%, or         88.5%, or 89%, or 89.5%, or 90%, or 90.5%, or 91%, or 91.5%, or         92%, or 92.5%, or 93%, or 93.5%, or 94%, or 94.5%, or 95%, or         95.5%, or 96%, or 96.5%, or 97%, or 97.5%, or 98%, or 98.5%, or         99%, or 99.5%, or 99.999%     -   Note: The weight percent concentration of low density liquid in         the high density liquid may be less than, or greater than, or         equal to one or more or a combination of the following: 0.0001%,         or 0.5%, or 1%, or 1.5%, or 2%, or 2.5%, or 3%, or 3.5%, or 4%,         or 4.5%, or 5%, or 5.5%, or 6%, or 6.5%, or 7%, or 7.5%, or 8%,         or 8.5%, or 9%, or 9.5%, or 10%, or 10.5%, or 11%, or 11.5%, or         12%, or 12.5%, or 13%, or 13.5%, or 14%, or 14.5%, or 15%, or         15.5%, or 16%, or 16.5%, or 17%, or 17.5%, or 18%, or 18.5%, or         19%, or 19.5%, or 20%, or 20.5%, or 21%, or 21.5%, or 22%, or         22.5%, or 23%, or 23.5%, or 24%, or 24.5%, or 25%, or 25.5%, or         26%, or 26.5%, or 27%, or 27.5%, or 28%, or 28.5%, or 29%, or         29.5%, or 30%, or 30.5%, or 31%, or 31.5%, or 32%, or 32.5%, or         33%, or 33.5%, or 34%, or 34.5%, or 35%, or 35.5%, or 36%, or         36.5%, or 37%, or 37.5%, or 38%, or 38.5%, or 39%, or 39.5%, or         40%, or 40.5%, or 41%, or 41.5%, or 42%, or 42.5%, or 43%, or         43.5%, or 44%, or 44.5%, or 45%, or 45.5%, or 46%, or 46.5%, or         47%, or 47.5%, or 48%, or 48.5%, or 49%, or 49.5%, or 50%, or         50.5%, or 51%, or 51.5%, or 52%, or 52.5%, or 53%, or 53.5%, or         54%, or 54.5%, or 55%, or 55.5%, or 56%, or 56.5%, or 57%, or         57.5%, or 58%, or 58.5%, or 59%, or 59.5%, or 60%, or 60.5%, or         61%, or 61.5%, or 62%, or 62.5%, or 63%, or 63.5%, or 64%, or         64.5%, or 65%, or 65.5%, or 66%, or 66.5%, or 67%, or 67.5%, or         68%, or 68.5%, or 69%, or 69.5%, or 70%, or 70.5%, or 71%, or         71.5%, or 72%, or 72.5%, or 73%, or 73.5%, or 74%, or 74.5%, or         75%, or 75.5%, or 76%, or 76.5%, or 77%, or 77.5%, or 78%, or         78.5%, or 79%, or 79.5%, or 80%, or 80.5%, or 81%, or 81.5%, or         82%, or 82.5%, or 83%, or 83.5%, or 84%, or 84.5%, or 85%, or         85.5%, or 86%, or 86.5%, or 87%, or 87.5%, or 88%, or 88.5%, or         89%, or 89.5%, or 90%, or 90.5%, or 91%, or 91.5%, or 92%, or         92.5%, or 93%, or 93.5%, or 94%, or 94.5%, or 95%, or 95.5%, or         96%, or 96.5%, or 97%, or 97.5%, or 98%, or 98.5%, or 99%, or         99.5%, or 99.999%     -   Note: The weight percent concentration of water in the high         density liquid may be less than, or greater than, or equal to         one or more or a combination of the following: 0.0001%, or 0.5%,         or 1%, or 1.5%, or 2%, or 2.5%, or 3%, or 3.5%, or 4%, or 4.5%,         or 5%, or 5.5%, or 6%, or 6.5%, or 7%, or 7.5%, or 8%, or 8.5%,         or 9%, or 9.5%, or 10%, or 10.5%, or11%, or 11.5%, or 12%, or         12.5%, or 13%, or 13.5%, or 14%, or 14.5%, or 15%, or 15.5%, or         16%, or 16.5%, or 17%, or 17.5%, or 18%, or 18.5%, or 19%, or         19.5%, or 20%, or 20.5%, or 21%, or 21.5%, or 22%, or 22.5%, or         23%, or 23.5%, or 24%, or 24.5%, or 25%, or 25.5%, or 26%, or         26.5%, or 27%, or 27.5%, or 28%, or 28.5%, or 29%, or 29.5%, or         30%, or 30.5%, or 31%, or 31.5%, or 32%, or 32.5%, or 33%, or         33.5%, or 34%, or 34.5%, or 35%, or 35.5%, or 36%, or 36.5%, or         37%, or 37.5%, or 38%, or 38.5%, or 39%, or 39.5%, or 40%, or         40.5%, or 41%, or 41.5%, or 42%, or 42.5%, or 43%, or 43.5%, or         44%, or 44.5%, or 45%, or 45.5%, or 46%, or 46.5%, or 47%, or         47.5%, or 48%, or 48.5%, or 49%, or 49.5%, or 50%, or 50.5%, or         51%, or 51.5%, or 52%, or 52.5%, or 53%, or 53.5%, or 54%, or         54.5%, or 55%, or 55.5%, or 56%, or 56.5%, or 57%, or 57.5%, or         58%, or 58.5%, or 59%, or 59.5%, or 60%, or 60.5%, or 61%, or         61.5%, or 62%, or 62.5%, or 63%, or 63.5%, or 64%, or 64.5%, or         65%, or 65.5%, or 66%, or 66.5%, or 67%, or 67.5%, or 68%, or         68.5%, or 69%, or 69.5%, or 70%, or 70.5%, or 71%, or 71.5%, or         72%, or 72.5%, or 73%, or 73.5%, or 74%, or 74.5%, or 75%, or         75.5%, or 76%, or 76.5%, or 77%, or 77.5%, or 78%, or 78.5%, or         79%, or 79.5%, or 80%, or 80.5%, or 81%, or 81.5%, or 82%, or         82.5%, or 83%, or 83.5%, or 84%, or 84.5%, or 85%, or 85.5%, or         86%, or 86.5%, or 87%, or 87.5%, or 88%, or 88.5%, or 89%, or         89.5%, or 90%, or 90.5%, or 91%, or91.5%, or 92%, or 92.5%, or         93%, or 93.5%, or 94%, or 94.5%, or 95%, or 95.5%, or 96%, or         96.5%, or 97%, or 97.5%, or 98%, or 98.5%, or 99%, or 99.5%, or         99.999%     -   Note: The weight percent concentration of water in the low         density liquid may be less than, or greater than, or equal to         one or more or a combination of the following: 0.0001%, or 0.5%,         or 1%, or 1.5%, or 2%, or 2.5%, or 3%, or 3.5%, or 4%, or 4.5%,         or 5%, or 5.5%, or 6%, or 6.5%, or 7%, or 7.5%, or 8%, or 8.5%,         or 9%, or 9.5%, or 10%, or 10.5%, or11%, or 11.5%, or 12%, or         12.5%, or 13%, or 13.5%, or 14%, or 14.5%, or 15%, or 15.5%, or         16%, or 16.5%, or 17%, or 17.5%, or 18%, or 18.5%, or 19%, or         19.5%, or 20%, or 20.5%, or 21%, or 21.5%, or 22%, or 22.5%, or         23%, or 23.5%, or 24%, or 24.5%, or 25%, or 25.5%, or 26%, or         26.5%, or 27%, or 27.5%, or 28%, or 28.5%, or 29%, or 29.5%, or         30%, or 30.5%, or 31%, or 31.5%, or 32%, or 32.5%, or 33%, or         33.5%, or 34%, or 34.5%, or 35%, or 35.5%, or 36%, or 36.5%, or         37%, or 37.5%, or 38%, or 38.5%, or 39%, or 39.5%, or 40%, or         40.5%, or 41%, or 41.5%, or 42%, or 42.5%, or 43%, or 43.5%, or         44%, or 44.5%, or 45%, or 45.5%, or 46%, or 46.5%, or 47%, or         47.5%, or 48%, or 48.5%, or 49%, or 49.5%, or 50%, or 50.5%, or         51%, or 51.5%, or 52%, or 52.5%, or 53%, or 53.5%, or 54%, or         54.5%, or 55%, or 55.5%, or 56%, or 56.5%, or 57%, or 57.5%, or         58%, or 58.5%, or 59%, or 59.5%, or 60%, or 60.5%, or 61%, or         61.5%, or 62%, or 62.5%, or 63%, or 63.5%, or 64%, or 64.5%, or         65%, or 65.5%, or 66%, or 66.5%, or 67%, or 67.5%, or 68%, or         68.5%, or 69%, or 69.5%, or 70%, or 70.5%, or 71%, or 71.5%, or         72%, or 72.5%, or 73%, or 73.5%, or 74%, or 74.5%, or 75%, or         75.5%, or 76%, or 76.5%, or 77%, or 77.5%, or 78%, or 78.5%, or         79%, or 79.5%, or 80%, or 80.5%, or 81%, or 81.5%, or 82%, or         82.5%, or 83%, or 83.5%, or 84%, or 84.5%, or 85%, or 85.5%, or         86%, or 86.5%, or 87%, or 87.5%, or 88%, or 88.5%, or 89%, or         89.5%, or 90%, or 90.5%, or 91%, or91.5%, or 92%, or 92.5%, or         93%, or 93.5%, or 94%, or 94.5%, or 95%, or 95.5%, or 96%, or         96.5%, or 97%, or 97.5%, or 98%, or 98.5%, or 99%, or 99.5%, or         99.999%     -   Note: In some embodiments, to ensure maximum energy density and         minimize liquid volumes required, the elevation difference         between the first and second reservoir is greater than or equal         to one or more or a combination of the following: 50 meters, or         100 meters, or 150 meters, or 200 meters, or 250 meters, or 500         meters, or 750 meters, or 1,000 meters, or 1,250 meters, or         1,500 meters     -   Note: Energy storage round-trip energy efficiency may be greater         than or equal to one or more or a combination of the following:         0.0001%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 1.5%, or 2%, or 2.5%, or 3%, or         3.5%, or 4%, or 4.5%, or 5%, or 5.5%, or 6%, or 6.5%, or 7%, or         7.5%, or 8%, or 8.5%, or 9%, or 9.5%, or 10%, or 10.5%, or 11%,         or 11.5%, or 12%, or 12.5%, or 13%, or 13.5%, or 14%, or 14.5%,         or 15%, or 15.5%, or 16%, or 16.5%, or 17%, or 17.5%, or 18%, or         18.5%, or 19%, or 19.5%, or 20%, or 20.5%, or 21%, or 21.5%, or         22%, or 22.5%, or 23%, or 23.5%, or 24%, or 24.5%, or 25%, or         25.5%, or 26%, or 26.5%, or 27%, or 27.5%, or 28%, or 28.5%, or         29%, or 29.5%, or 30%, or 30.5%, or 31%, or 31.5%, or 32%, or         32.5%, or 33%, or 33.5%, or 34%, or 34.5%, or 35%, or 35.5%, or         36%, or 36.5%, or 37%, or 37.5%, or 38%, or 38.5%, or 39%, or         39.5%, or 40%, or 40.5%, or 41%, or 41.5%, or 42%, or 42.5%, or         43%, or 43.5%, or 44%, or 44.5%, or 45%, or 45.5%, or 46%, or         46.5%, or 47%, or 47.5%, or 48%, or 48.5%, or 49%, or 49.5%, or         50%, or 50.5%, or 51%, or 51.5%, or 52%, or 52.5%, or 53%, or         53.5%, or 54%, or 54.5%, or 55%, or 55.5%, or 56%, or 56.5%, or         57%, or 57.5%, or 58%, or 58.5%, or 59%, or 59.5%, or 60%, or         60.5%, or 61%, or 61.5%, or 62%, or 62.5%, or 63%, or 63.5%, or         64%, or 64.5%, or 65%, or 65.5%, or 66%, or 66.5%, or 67%, or         67.5%, or 68%, or 68.5%, or 69%, or 69.5%, or 70%, or 70.5%, or         71%, or 71.5%, or 72%, or 72.5%, or 73%, or 73.5%, or 74%, or         74.5%, or 75%, or 75.5%, or 76%, or 76.5%, or 77%, or 77.5%, or         78%, or 78.5%, or 79%, or 79.5%, or 80%, or 80.5%, or 81%, or         81.5%, or 82%, or 82.5%, or 83%, or 83.5%, or 84%, or 84.5%, or         85%, or 85.5%, or 86%, or 86.5%, or 87%, or 87.5%, or 88%, or         88.5%, or 89%, or 89.5%, or 90%, or 90.5%, or 91%, or 91.5%, or         92%, or 92.5%, or 93%, or 93.5%, or 94%, or 94.5%, or 95%, or         95.5%, or 96%, or 96.5%, or 97%, or 97.5%, or 98%, or 98.5%, or         99%, or 99.5%, or 99.999%     -   Note: The density of a liquid may be less than or equal to or         greater than or equal to one or more or a combination of the         following: 0.5 g/mL, or 0.51 g/mL, or 0.52 g/mL, or 0.53 g/mL,         or 0.54 g/mL, or 0.55 g/mL, or 0.56 g/mL, or 0.57 g/mL, or 0.58         g/mL, or 0.59 g/mL, or 0.6 g/mL, or 0.61 g/mL, or 0.62 g/mL, or         0.63 g/ml, 0.64 g/mL, or 0.65 g/mL, or 0.66 g/mL, or 0.67 g/mL,         or 0.68 g/mL, or 0.69 g/mL, or 0.70 g/mL, or 0.71 g/mL, or 0.72         g/mL, or 0.73 g/mL, or 0.74 g/mL, or 0.75 g/mL, or 0.76 g/mL, or         0.77 g/mL, or 0.78 g/mL, or 0.79 g/mL, or 0.8 g/mL, or 0.805         g/mL, or 0.81 g/mL, or 0.815 g/mL, or 0.82 g/mL, or 0.825 g/mL,         or 0.83 g/mL, or 0.835 g/mL, or 0.84 g/mL, or 0.845 g/mL, or         0.85 g/mL, or 0.855 g/mL, or 0.86 g/mL, or 0.865 g/mL, or 0.87         g/mL, or 0.875 g/mL, or 0.88 g/mL, or 0.885 g/mL, or 0.89 g/mL,         or 0.895 g/mL, or 0.9 g/mL, or 0.905 g/mL, or 0.91 g/mL, or         0.915 g/mL, or 0.92 g/mL, or 0.925 g/mL, or 0.93 g/mL, or 0.935         g/mL, or 0.94 g/mL, or 0.945 g/mL, or 0.95 g/mL, or 0.955 g/mL,         or 0.96 g/mL, or 0.965 g/mL, or 0.97 g/mL, or 0.975 g/mL, or         0.98 g/mL, or 0.985 g/mL, or 0.99 g/mL, or 0.995 g/mL, or 1         g/mL, or 1.005 g/mL, or 1.01 g/mL, or 1.015 g/mL, or 1.02 g/mL,         or 1.025 g/mL, or 1.03 g/mL, or 1.035 g/mL, or 1.04 g/mL, or         1.045 g/mL, or 1.05 g/mL, or 1.055 g/mL, or 1.06 g/mL, or 1.065         g/mL, or 1.07 g/mL, or 1.075 g/mL, or 1.08 g/mL, or 1.085 g/mL,         or 1.09 g/mL, or 1.095 g/mL, or 1.1 g/mL, or 1.11 g/mL, or 1.12         g/mL, or 1.13 g/mL, or 1.14 g/mL, or 1.15 g/mL, or 1.16 g/mL, or         1.17 g/mL, or 1.18 g/mL, or 1.19 g/mL, or 1.2 g/mL, or 1.21         g/mL, or 1.22 g/mL, or 1.23 g/mL, or 1.24 g/mL, or 1.25 g/mL, or         1.26 g/mL, or 1.27 g/mL, or 1.28 g/mL, or 1.29 g/mL, or 1.3         g/mL, or 1.31 g/mL, or 1.32 g/mL, or 1.33 g/mL, or 1.34 g/mL, or         1.35 g/mL, or 1.36 g/mL, or 1.37 g/mL, or 1.38 g/mL, or 1.39         g/mL, or 1.4 g/mL, or 1.41 g/mL, or 1.42 g/mL, or 1.43 g/mL, or         1.44 g/mL, or 1.45 g/mL, or 1.46 g/mL, or 1.47 g/mL, or 1.48         g/mL, or 1.49 g/mL, or 1.5 g/mL     -   Note: The density of a fluid may be less than or equal to or         greater than or equal to one or more or a combination of the         following: 0.5 g/mL, or 0.51 g/mL, or 0.52 g/mL, or 0.53 g/mL,         or 0.54 g/mL, or 0.55 g/mL, or 0.56 g/mL, or 0.57 g/mL, or 0.58         g/mL, or 0.59 g/mL, or 0.6 g/mL, or 0.61 g/mL, or 0.62 g/mL, or         0.63 g/ml, 0.64 g/mL, or 0.65 g/mL, or 0.66 g/mL, or 0.67 g/mL,         or 0.68 g/mL, or 0.69 g/mL, or 0.70 g/mL, or 0.71 g/mL, or 0.72         g/mL, or 0.73 g/mL, or 0.74 g/mL, or 0.75 g/mL, or 0.76 g/mL, or         0.77 g/mL, or 0.78 g/mL, or 0.79 g/mL, or 0.8 g/mL, or 0.805         g/mL, or 0.81 g/mL, or 0.815 g/mL, or 0.82 g/mL, or 0.825 g/mL,         or 0.83 g/mL, or 0.835 g/mL, or 0.84 g/mL, or 0.845 g/mL, or         0.85 g/mL, or 0.855 g/mL, or 0.86 g/mL, or 0.865 g/mL, or 0.87         g/mL, or 0.875 g/mL, or 0.88 g/mL, or 0.885 g/mL, or 0.89 g/mL,         or 0.895 g/mL, or 0.9 g/mL, or 0.905 g/mL, or 0.91 g/mL, or         0.915 g/mL, or 0.92 g/mL, or 0.925 g/mL, or 0.93 g/mL, or 0.935         g/mL, or 0.94 g/mL, or 0.945 g/mL, or 0.95 g/mL, or 0.955 g/mL,         or 0.96 g/mL, or 0.965 g/mL, or 0.97 g/mL, or 0.975 g/mL, or         0.98 g/mL, or 0.985 g/mL, or 0.99 g/mL, or 0.995 g/mL, or 1         g/mL, or 1.005 g/mL, or 1.01 g/mL, or 1.015 g/mL, or 1.02 g/mL,         or 1.025 g/mL, or 1.03 g/mL, or 1.035 g/mL, or 1.04 g/mL, or         1.045 g/mL, or 1.05 g/mL, or 1.055 g/mL, or 1.06 g/mL, or 1.065         g/mL, or 1.07 g/mL, or 1.075 g/mL, or 1.08 g/mL, or 1.085 g/mL,         or 1.09 g/mL, or 1.095 g/mL, or 1.1 g/mL, or 1.11 g/mL, or 1.12         g/mL, or 1.13 g/mL, or 1.14 g/mL, or 1.15 g/mL, or 1.16 g/mL, or         1.17 g/mL, or 1.18 g/mL, or 1.19 g/mL, or 1.2 g/mL, or 1.21         g/mL, or 1.22 g/mL, or 1.23 g/mL, or 1.24 g/mL, or 1.25 g/mL, or         1.26 g/mL, or 1.27 g/mL, or 1.28 g/mL, or 1.29 g/mL, or 1.3         g/mL, or 1.31 g/mL, or 1.32 g/mL, or 1.33 g/mL, or 1.34 g/mL, or         1.35 g/mL, or 1.36 g/mL, or 1.37 g/mL, or 1.38 g/mL, or 1.39         g/mL, or 1.4 g/mL, or 1.41 g/mL, or 1.42 g/mL, or 1.43 g/mL, or         1.44 g/mL, or 1.45 g/mL, or 1.46 g/mL, or 1.47 g/mL, or 1.48         g/mL, or 1.49 g/mL, or 1.5 g/mL     -   Note: The density of a low density fluid may be less than or         equal to or greater than or equal to one or more or a         combination of the following: 0.01 g/mL, or 0.05 g/mL, or 0.1         g/mL, or 0.15 g/mL, or 0.20 g/mL, or 0.25 g/mL, or 0.3 g/mL, or         0.35 g/mL, or 0.4 g/mL, or 0.45 g/mL, 0.5 g/mL, or 0.51 g/mL, or         0.52 g/mL, or 0.53 g/mL, or 0.54 g/mL, or 0.55 g/mL, or 0.56         g/mL, or 0.57 g/mL, or 0.58 g/mL, or 0.59 g/mL, or 0.6 g/mL, or         0.61 g/mL, or 0.62 g/mL, or 0.63 g/ml, 0.64 g/mL, or 0.65 g/mL,         or 0.66 g/mL, or 0.67 g/mL, or 0.68 g/mL, or 0.69 g/mL, or 0.70         g/mL, or 0.71 g/mL, or 0.72 g/mL, or 0.73 g/mL, or 0.74 g/mL, or         0.75 g/mL, or 0.76 g/mL, or 0.77 g/mL, or 0.78 g/mL, or 0.79         g/mL, or 0.8 g/mL, or 0.805 g/mL, or 0.81 g/mL, or 0.815 g/mL,         or 0.82 g/mL, or 0.825 g/mL, or 0.83 g/mL, or 0.835 g/mL, or         0.84 g/mL, or 0.845 g/mL, or 0.85 g/mL, or 0.855 g/mL, or 0.86         g/mL, or 0.865 g/mL, or 0.87 g/mL, or 0.875 g/mL, or 0.88 g/mL,         or 0.885 g/mL, or 0.89 g/mL, or 0.895 g/mL, or 0.9 g/mL, or         0.905 g/mL, or 0.91 g/mL, or 0.915 g/mL, or 0.92 g/mL, or 0.925         g/mL, or 0.93 g/mL, or 0.935 g/mL, or 0.94 g/mL, or 0.945 g/mL,         or 0.95 g/mL, or 0.955 g/mL, or 0.96 g/mL, or 0.965 g/mL, or         0.97 g/mL, or 0.975 g/mL, or 0.98 g/mL, or 0.985 g/mL, or 0.99         g/mL, or 0.995 g/mL, or 1 g/mL, or 1.005 g/mL, or 1.01 g/mL, or         1.015 g/mL, or 1.02 g/mL, or 1.025 g/mL, or 1.03 g/mL, or 1.035         g/mL, or 1.04 g/mL, or 1.045 g/mL, or 1.05 g/mL, or 1.055 g/mL,         or 1.06 g/mL, or 1.065 g/mL, or 1.07 g/mL, or 1.075 g/mL, or         1.08 g/mL, or 1.085 g/mL, or 1.09 g/mL, or 1.095 g/mL, or 1.1         g/mL, or 1.11 g/mL, or 1.12 g/mL, or 1.13 g/mL, or 1.14 g/mL, or         1.15 g/mL, or 1.16 g/mL, or 1.17 g/mL, or 1.18 g/mL, or 1.19         g/mL, or 1.2 g/mL, or 1.21 g/mL, or 1.22 g/mL, or 1.23 g/mL, or         1.24 g/mL, or 1.25 g/mL, or 1.26 g/mL, or 1.27 g/mL, or 1.28         g/mL, or 1.29 g/mL, or 1.3 g/mL, or 1.31 g/mL, or 1.32 g/mL, or         1.33 g/mL, or 1.34 g/mL, or 1.35 g/mL, or 1.36 g/mL, or 1.37         g/mL, or 1.38 g/mL, or 1.39 g/mL, or 1.4 g/mL, or 1.41 g/mL, or         1.42 g/mL, or 1.43 g/mL, or 1.44 g/mL, or 1.45 g/mL, or 1.46         g/mL, or 1.47 g/mL, or 1.48 g/mL, or 1.49 g/mL, or 1.5 g/mL     -   Note: The density of a high density liquid may be greater than         or equal to or less than or equal to one or more or a         combination of the following: 0.01 g/mL, or 0.05 g/mL, or 0.1         g/mL, or 0.15 g/mL, or 0.20 g/mL, or 0.25 g/mL, or 0.3 g/mL, or         0.35 g/mL, or 0.4 g/mL, or 0.45 g/mL, 0.5 g/mL, or 0.51 g/mL, or         0.52 g/mL, or 0.53 g/mL, or 0.54 g/mL, or 0.55 g/mL, or 0.56         g/mL, or 0.57 g/mL, or 0.58 g/mL, or 0.59 g/mL, or 0.6 g/mL, or         0.61 g/mL, or 0.62 g/mL, or 0.63 g/ml, 0.64 g/mL, or 0.65 g/mL,         or 0.66 g/mL, or 0.67 g/mL, or 0.68 g/mL, or 0.69 g/mL, or 0.70         g/mL, or 0.71 g/mL, or 0.72 g/mL, or 0.73 g/mL, or 0.74 g/mL, or         0.75 g/mL, or 0.76 g/mL, or 0.77 g/mL, or 0.78 g/mL, or 0.79         g/mL, or 0.8 g/mL, or 0.805 g/mL, or 0.81 g/mL, or 0.815 g/mL,         or 0.82 g/mL, or 0.825 g/mL, or 0.83 g/mL, or 0.835 g/mL, or         0.84 g/mL, or 0.845 g/mL, or 0.85 g/mL, or 0.855 g/mL, or 0.86         g/mL, or 0.865 g/mL, or 0.87 g/mL, or 0.875 g/mL, or 0.88 g/mL,         or 0.885 g/mL, or 0.89 g/mL, or 0.895 g/mL, or 0.9 g/mL, or         0.905 g/mL, or 0.91 g/mL, or 0.915 g/mL, or 0.92 g/mL, or 0.925         g/mL, or 0.93 g/mL, or 0.935 g/mL, or 0.94 g/mL, or 0.945 g/mL,         or 0.95 g/mL, or 0.955 g/mL, or 0.96 g/mL, or 0.965 g/mL, or         0.97 g/mL, or 0.975 g/mL, or 0.98 g/mL, or 0.985 g/mL, or 0.99         g/mL, or 0.995 g/mL, or 1 g/mL, or 1.005 g/mL, or 1.01 g/mL, or         1.015 g/mL, or 1.02 g/mL, or 1.025 g/mL, or 1.03 g/mL, or 1.035         g/mL, or 1.04 g/mL, or 1.045 g/mL, or 1.05 g/mL, or 1.055 g/mL,         or 1.06 g/mL, or 1.065 g/mL, or 1.07 g/mL, or 1.075 g/mL, or         1.08 g/mL, or 1.085 g/mL, or 1.09 g/mL, or 1.095 g/mL, or 1.1         g/mL, or 1.11 g/mL, or 1.12 g/mL, or 1.13 g/mL, or 1.14 g/mL, or         1.15 g/mL, or 1.16 g/mL, or 1.17 g/mL, or 1.18 g/mL, or 1.19         g/mL, or 1.2 g/mL, or 1.21 g/mL, or 1.22 g/mL, or 1.23 g/mL, or         1.24 g/mL, or 1.25 g/mL, or 1.26 g/mL, or 1.27 g/mL, or 1.28         g/mL, or 1.29 g/mL, or 1.3 g/mL, or 1.31 g/mL, or 1.32 g/mL, or         1.33 g/mL, or 1.34 g/mL, or 1.35 g/mL, or 1.36 g/mL, or 1.37         g/mL, or 1.38 g/mL, or 1.39 g/mL, or 1.4 g/mL, or 1.41 g/mL, or         1.42 g/mL, or 1.43 g/mL, or 1.44 g/mL, or 1.45 g/mL, or 1.46         g/mL, or 1.47 g/mL, or 1.48 g/mL, or 1.49 g/mL, or 1.5 g/mL, or         1.55 g/mL, or 1.6 g/mL, or 1.65 g/mL, or 1.7 g/mL, or 1.75 g/mL,         or 1.8 g/mL, or 1.85 g/mL, or 1.9 g/mL, or 1.95 g/mL, or 2.00         g/mL, or 2.05 g/mL, or 2.1 g/mL, or 2.2 g/mL, or 2.3 g/mL, or         2.4 g/mL, or 2.5 g/mL, or 2.6 g/mL, or 2.7 g/mL, or 2.8 g/mL, or         2.9 g/mL, or 3.0 g/mL, or 3.1 g/mL, or 3.2 g/mL, or 3.3 g/mL, or         3.4 g/mL, or 3.5 g/mL, or 3.6 g/mL, or 3.7 g/mL, or 3.8 g/mL, or         3.9 g/mL, or 4.0 g/mL, or 4.1 g/mL, or 4.2 g/mL, or 4.3 g/mL, or         4.4 g/mL, or 4.5 g/mL, or 4.6 g/mL, or 4.7 g/mL, or 4.8 g/mL, or         4.9 g/mL, or 5.0 g/mL, 6.0 g/mL, or 7.0 g/mL, or 8.0 g/mL, or         9.0 g/mL, or 10.0 g/mL, or 11.0 g/mL, or 12.0 g/mL, or 13.0         g/mL, or 14.0 g/mL, or 15.0 g/mL, or 16.0 g/mL, or 17.0 g/mL, or         18.0 g/mL, or 19.0 g/mL, or 20.0 g/mL, or 21.0 g/mL, or 22.0         g/mL, or 23.0 g/mL     -   Note: The tolerance pressure difference of the lower elevation         reservoir or ‘second reservoir’ may comprise the maximum design         pressure difference between the pressure of a fluid inside the         lower elevation reservoir or ‘second reservoir’ and the pressure         of a fluid or material or solid external to or adjacent to said         fluid inside the lower elevation reservoir or ‘second reservoir’         at the same elevation as said fluid inside the lower elevation         reservoir or ‘second reservoir’.     -   Note: The tolerance pressure difference of the lower elevation         reservoir or ‘second reservoir’ may be less than, or greater         than, or equal to one or more or a combination of the following:         0 Bar, or 0.01 Bar, 0.25 Bar, or 0.5 Bar, or 0.75 Bar, or 1 Bar,         or 1.5 Bar, 2 Bar, or 2.5 Bar, or 3 Bar, or 3.5 Bar, or 4 Bar,         or 4.5 Bar, or 5 Bar, or 5.5 Bar, or 6 Bar, or 6.5 Bar, or 7         Bar, or 7.5 Bar, or 8 Bar, or 8.5 Bar, or 9 Bar, or 9.5 Bar, or         10 Bar, or 11 Bar, or 12 Bar, or 13 Bar, or 14 Bar, or 15 Bar,         or 16 Bar, or 17 Bar, or 18 Bar, or 19 Bar, or 20 Bar, or 21         Bar, or 22 Bar, or 23 Bar, or 24 Bar, or 25 Bar, or 26 Bar, or         27 Bar, or 28 Bar, or 29 Bar, or 30 Bar, or 31 Bar, or 32 Bar,         or 33 Bar, or 34 Bar, or 35 Bar, or 36 Bar, or 37 Bar, or 38         Bar, or 39 Bar, or 40 Bar, or 41 Bar, or 42 Bar, or 43 Bar, or         44 Bar, or 45 Bar, or 46 Bar, or 47 Bar, or 48 Bar, or 49 Bar,         or 50 Bar, or 55 Bar, or 60 Bar, or 65 Bar, or 70 Bar, or 75         Bar, or 80 Bar, or 85 Bar, or 90 Bar, or 95 Bar, or 100 Bar, or         105 Bar, or 110 Bar, or 115 Bar, or 120 Bar, or 125 Bar, or 130         Bar, or 135 Bar, or 140 Bar, or 145 Bar, or 150 Bar, 160 Bar, or         170 Bar, or 180 Bar, or 190 Bar, or 200 Bar, or 225 Bar, or 250         Bar, or 275 Bar, or 300 Bar     -   Note: Hydrostatic pressure of a liquid may be calculated using         the density of a liquid, the gravitational constant, and the         difference in elevation or the difference in elevation which a         liquid contiguously transverses. Hydrostatic pressure of a fluid         may be calculated using the density of a fluid, the         gravitational constant, and the difference in elevation or the         difference in elevation which a fluid contiguously transverses.         The practical hydrostatic pressure of a liquid may also include         frictional losses and other potential pressure losses which may         occur in a real system, which may be calculated using fluid         dynamics equations and/or simulation tools known in the art.     -   Note: In some embodiments, the low density fluid may comprise a         gas or supercritical fluid. For example, the low density fluid         may comprise air and air may comprise a gas and/or a         supercritical fluid. At pressures greater than about 55 Bar, air         may comprise a supercritical fluid.     -   Note: The pressure difference between a liquid or fluid stored         in a higher elevation reservoir and the fluid or material or         solid external to or adjacent to said higher elevation reservoir         at the same elevation may be less than, or equal to, or greater         than one or more or a combination of the following: 0 Bar, or         0.01 Bar, 0.25 Bar, or 0.5 Bar, or 0.75 Bar, or 1 Bar, or 1.5         Bar, 2 Bar, or 2.5 Bar, or 3 Bar, or 3.5 Bar, or 4 Bar, or 4.5         Bar, or 5 Bar, or 5.5 Bar, or 6 Bar, or 6.5 Bar, or 7 Bar, or         7.5 Bar, or 8 Bar, or 8.5 Bar, or 9 Bar, or 9.5 Bar, or 10 Bar,         or 11 Bar, or 12 Bar, or 13 Bar, or 14 Bar, or 15 Bar, or 16         Bar, or 17 Bar, or 18 Bar, or 19 Bar, or 20 Bar, or 21 Bar, or         22 Bar, or 23 Bar, or 24 Bar, or 25 Bar, or 26 Bar, or 27 Bar,         or 28 Bar, or 29 Bar, or 30 Bar, or 31 Bar, or 32 Bar, or 33         Bar, or 34 Bar, or 35 Bar, or 36 Bar, or 37 Bar, or 38 Bar, or         39 Bar, or 40 Bar, or 41 Bar, or 42 Bar, or 43 Bar, or 44 Bar,         or 45 Bar, or 46 Bar, or 47 Bar, or 48 Bar, or 49 Bar, or 50         Bar, or 55 Bar, or 60 Bar, or 65 Bar, or 70 Bar, or 75 Bar, or         80 Bar, or 85 Bar, or 90 Bar, or 95 Bar, or 100 Bar, or 105 Bar,         or 110 Bar, or 115 Bar, or 120 Bar, or 125 Bar, or 130 Bar, or         135 Bar, or 140 Bar, or 145 Bar, or 150 Bar, 160 Bar, or 170         Bar, or 180 Bar, or 190 Bar, or 200 Bar, or 225 Bar, or 250 Bar,         or 275 Bar, or 300 Bar     -   Note: In some embodiments, the lower elevation reservoir may         comprise two or more different reservoirs. For example, in some         embodiments, the lower elevation reservoir may comprise at least         one reservoir for low density liquid and at least one reservoir         for high density liquid. For example, in some embodiments, the         lower elevation reservoir may comprise a separate reservoir for         low density liquid and a separate reservoir for high density         liquid. For example, in some embodiments, the lower elevation         reservoir may comprise two separate tanks, one tank for storing         low density liquid and one tank for storing high density liquid.         For example, in some embodiments, the lower elevation reservoir         may comprise two separate tanks, one tank for storing low         density liquid and one tank for storing high density liquid,         where each tank comprises a bladder tank. For example, in some         embodiments, the lower elevation reservoir may comprise two         separate tanks, one tank for storing low density liquid and one         tank for storing high density liquid, where each tank comprises         a rigid tank. For example, in some embodiments, the lower         elevation reservoir may comprise two separate tanks, one tank         for storing low density liquid and one tank for storing high         density liquid, where each tank comprises a rigid tank, or a         bladder tank, or a combination thereof. An example of the some         of the presently described embodiments may include, but is not         limited to, FIGS. 77 and 78. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for storing and generating power comprising: a first storage reservoir near the surface of a body of water and configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water; a second storage reservoir located below the surface of the body of water and configured to store a fluid which has a higher density than water; a pump; and a generator; wherein the pump, generator, and the first and second reservoir are operatively connected such that power is stored by displacing the fluid which has a higher density than water in the second storage reservoir by pumping the fluid which has a lower density than water in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir and power is generated or discharged by allowing the fluid which has a lower density than water in the second storage reservoir to return to the first storage reservoir; and wherein the fluid which has a higher density than water is in liquid form.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the fluid which has a lower density than water is in liquid form.
 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the elevation of the first reservoir is above the elevation of the second reservoir.
 4. The system of claim 1 further comprising a third reservoir configured to store the liquid which has a higher density than water near the surface of the water body.
 5. The system of claim 4 wherein said third reservoir is substantially at the same elevation as the second reservoir.
 6. The system of claim 4 wherein the fluid which has a higher density than water is displaced from the second reservoir during storing of power is transferred to and stored in said third reservoir.
 7. The system of claim 4 wherein the fluid which has a higher density than water is displaced from the second reservoir during storing of power is transferred to and stored in said third reservoir.
 8. The system of claim 1 wherein said fluid which has a higher density than water comprises brine, or reverse osmosis discharge brine, or sodium chloride, or sea salt, or calcium chloride, or magnesium chloride, or potassium formate, or magnesium sulfate, or calcium bromide, or sodium bromide, or potassium acetate, or sodium formate, or calcium nitrate, or sodium nitrate, or sodium sulfite, or potassium sulfite, or sodium bisulfite, or potassium bisulfite, or magnesium sulfite, or magnesium bisulfite, or calcium bisulfite, or corn syrup, or glycerin, or propylene glycol, or ethylene glycol, or propylene carbonate, or any combination thereof.
 9. The system of claim 1 wherein said fluid which has a higher density than water comprises a halogenated hydrocarbon, or a fluorocarbon, or an organic acid, or an inorganic acid, or carbon dioxide, or sulfur dioxide, or a nitrogen oxide, or any combination thereof.
 10. The system of claim 1 wherein said fluid which has a lower density than water comprises a hydrocarbon.
 11. The system of claim 1 wherein said fluid which has a lower density than water comprises air.
 12. The system of claim 1 wherein the density of said fluid which has a higher density than water is greater than 1.02 kilograms per liter at 20° C.
 13. The system of claim 1 wherein the density of said fluid which has a higher density than water is greater than 1.05 kilograms per liter at 20° C.
 14. The system of claim 1 wherein the pressure inside the second reservoir and the pressure of the adjacent body of water differ by from about 0 bar to about 10 bar.
 15. The system of claim 1 further comprising a pressure exchanger.
 16. The system of claim 15 wherein said pressure exchanger is located near the second reservoir.
 17. The system of claim 15 wherein during storing of power, the pressure exchanger extracts pressure from the liquid which has a lower density than water and transfers the extracted pressure to the liquid which has a higher density than water.
 18. The system of claim 15 wherein during storing of power, the pressure exchanger extracts pressure from the liquid which has a higher density than water and transfers the extracted pressure to the liquid which has a lower density than water.
 19. The system of claim 17 wherein said pressure extraction occurs (1) while the liquid which has a lower density than water is being transferred to the second reservoir or (2) prior to transfer or (3) both (1) and (2).
 20. The system of claim 18 wherein said pressure extraction occurs (1) while the liquid which has a higher density than water is being transferred to the second reservoir or (2) prior to transfer or (3) both (1) and (2).
 21. The system of claim 17 wherein the pressure exchanger extracts pressure less than or equal to the pressure of the liquid which has a lower density than water near the second reservoir minus the hydrostatic pressure of the body of water at the elevation of the second reservoir.
 22. The system of claim 18 wherein the pressure exchanger extracts pressure less than or equal to the pressure of the liquid which has a higher density than water near the second reservoir minus the hydrostatic pressure of the body of water at the elevation of the second reservoir.
 23. The system of claim 15 wherein the pressure exchanger enables the use of a liquid with a higher density than the density of the liquid in the body of water while enabling the second reservoir to be at pressure equilibrium with the body of water at the same elevation as the second reservoir.
 24. The system of claim 15 wherein the pressure exchanger comprises a hydraulic pressure exchanger.
 25. The system of claim 15 wherein the pressure exchanger adjusts pressure extraction to ensure the pressure of fluid inside the second reservoir differs from the hydrostatic pressure of the body of water at the same elevation as the second reservoir by less than a tolerance pressure.
 26. The system of claim 25 wherein the second reservoir contains an internal pressure sensor and an external pressure sensor; wherein the internal pressure sensor measures the pressure of fluids inside the second reservoir; and wherein the external pressure sensor measures the pressure of the body of water adjacent to the second reservoir; and wherein the internal pressure sensor and the external pressure sensor are configured to communicate with the pressure exchanger.
 27. The system of claim 25 wherein said tolerance pressure is less than about 10 atm.
 28. The system of claim 15 wherein the pressure exchanger is a hydraulic pressure exchanger.
 29. The system of claim 15 wherein the pressure exchanger is a pump, or turbine, or rotary turbine, or any combination thereof.
 30. A process for storing and generating power comprising: operatively connecting a pump, a generator, a first storage reservoir near the surface of a body of water, and a second storage reservoir located below the surface of the body of water; wherein the first storage reservoir is configured to store a fluid which has a lower density than water and wherein the second storage reservoir is configured to store a fluid which has a higher density than water; storing power by displacing the fluid which has a higher density than water in the second storage reservoir by pumping the fluid which has a lower density than water in the first storage reservoir to the second storage reservoir; and generating or discharging power by allowing the fluid which has a lower density than water in the second storage reservoir to return to the first storage reservoir; wherein the fluid which has a higher density than water is in liquid form. 